BIOL2703 Midterm Review Chapt 1-4

Which of the following are characteristics of a sustainable and healthy diet?

- Based on minimally processed foods, particularly whole grains, fruits, and vegetables - Limits intake of sugar sweetened beverages - Balanced between energy needs and energy intake (i.e. eat enough, but not too many calories)

A primary function of the digestive system is the

Breakdown of food into nutrients

T/F Adding calcium to orange juice is called enrichment.

False

The dietary guidelines for Americans are used by government agencies and nutrition and food organizations to develop which of the following? Select all that apply.

Nutrition policies Healthier products

The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) issues the Healthy People report every __ years.

10

Using familiar objects are parts of your hand is a helpful way to determine appropriate portion sizes for various types of food. Match the food with its corresponding reference measurement for recommended portion size.

Half of a fist- 1/2 cup cooked pasta or rice The cupped palm of your hand - 1 ounce of cheese The surface area of the palm of your hand - 3 ounces of meat A fist is the same size as - a large apple

Absorption of __ occurs in the large intestine

water and minerals

Which of the following typically acts as a probiotic?

yogurt

A possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research is called

A hypothesis

Drag each label to it's appropriate location on the figure.

Average (50% of the population) - EAR High (97-98% of the population) - RDA

Avi's salivary glands do not secrete amylase. As a result of his condition, his body

Cannot begin starch digestion

T/F A persons nutrient needs decrease during recovery from an illness.

False

T/F Peristalsis is a voluntary response.

False

Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient dense?

Peanut Butter

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply energy for the human body?

Vitamin d

Which of the following is NOT true about water?

Water is necessary for immune function.

The process of digesting food begins in the

mouth

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

pancreas

Chyme is the

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.

Per serving, which of the following foods is the most energy-dense?

4-ounce chocolate doughnut

Approximately how many grams of carbohydrate are in a sugar sweetened beverage that supplies 240 kcals and contains no fiber, fat, protein, or alcohol?

60 g of carbohydrate

There are legal definitions for some common nutrient content claims. Match the type of food with the content required to use that nutrient contact claim.

Fat- free candy : provide less than 0.5 g of fat per serving. Low- fat popcorn: provides 3 g or less of fat per serving Reduced- fat crackers: supplies at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular product Extra lean beef: has less than 5 g of fat 2 g of saturated fat and 95 mg of cholesterol per serving

An essential nutrient __

Must be supplied by the diet

Which of the follow describe a conditionally essential nutrient?

All choices - A nutrient that becomes essential due to metabolic disorder or serious disease (eg kidney or liver disease) - A nutrient that may be made in the body, but in amounts that are in adequate - A nutrient that is normally nonessential but becomes essential under certain conditions

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range is indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet related chronic diseases. For a person who is following at 2500 kcal per day, diet, determine the approximate number of grams of each macro nutrient to be consumed using the a MDR as a guideline, and match it with its macro nutrient category

Carbohydrate: 280-400 grams per day Protein: 63-218 grams per day Fat: 56-97 grams per day

Counting __ is a meal planning technique that people with diabetes can use to help control their blood sugar levels.

Carbs

Organic refers to certain agricultural methods that can promote sustainability. If you were eating a certified 100% organic food, you can be confident that it is free from __

Check all that apply - Gluten containing ingredients - Antibiotics and growth hormones - Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides - Genetically modified organisms - Trans fat

Nutrient needs vary between individuals based on __ .

Check all that apply - ethnicity - age - General health status - Lifestyle - Education level - Gender

Nutrient requirements __

Check all that apply - vary based on ethnicity - have been determined by scientific research - are the smallest amount of each nutrient necessary to maintain a defined the level of nutritional health - prevent deficiency diseases

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the G.I. track?

Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

Which of the following factors has a major influence over a persons food choices?

Childhood experiences

Choosing foods based on religious teaching is an example of __ factors influencing eating habits.

Cognitive

Which of the following statements is false?

In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

Which of the following is typically not an environmental factor in what people eat?

Negative food-related experiences

Which of the following is NOT a common marketing tactic to encourage consumers to purchase manufactured foods?

Nutrition information posted next to fresh fruits and vegetables

Which of the following is NOT a requirement to become a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)?

Obtain a culinary certificate of training

Which of the following statements is true?

Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children.

A group of scientists design, a study to determine whether people who take megadoses of the vitamin thiamine, are less likely to be bitten by mosquitoes than people who do not take megadoses of this vitamin. Complete the sentences by dragging the term into its correct sentence.

- Researchers make an OBSERVATION that people who like to camp, take megadoses of thiamine to repel mosquitoes. - Researchers would like to test the HYPOTHESIS that taking megadoses of thiamine as an effective way to prevent mosquito bites. - Researchers divide subjects into two groups. The CONTROL group is given pills that do not contain any vitamins. The TREATMENT group is given similar tasting and appearing pills that contain high amounts of thiamine. - In this study, the PLACEBO does not contain any active ingredients.

According to the USDA, on average, Americans consume foods "more than is recommended" and some foods "less than is recommended." Do more Americans have an intake above or below the recommendation for each of the following food groups? Drag each food group where it belongs.

>50% of Americans with an intake at/above recommendation: Total grains Protein foods >50% of Americans with an intake below recommendation: Vegetables Fruit Dairy

Yolanda is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch. She has taken a bite of the sandwich and begun chewing the sticky sandwich. Once the bite of sandwich has been chewed, moistened, and mix with saliva it is called __.

A bolus

There are a number of criteria for identifying an unreliable diet, including diet, marketed for weight loss. Analyze each diet or weight loss claim, and determine which "red flag" criterion the claim meets.

Promises of quick and easy remedies- "The College Reunion Diet promises you will lose 20 pounds in the next two weeks!!" Attacks on conventional science - " doctors don't want you to know about the powerful weight loss results of one simple plant extract!" Testimonials and anecdotes- A Hall of Famer star baseball player claims, "The cereal diet is what made me such a great baseball player!!" Promotes benefits while overlooking risks - "This all natural, herbal burn supplement, will burn fat while you sleep! It is made from the purest ingredients, so it won't harm your health."

Consuming a diet that supplies large amounts of certain types of fat increases ones risk of developing heart disease. Thus a diet that supplies an excessive amount of fats is a __ for heart disease.

Risk factor

Due to a respiratory bacterial infection, Amanda had to take a large spectrum antibiotic for a period of seven days. At the end of the regimen her respiratory problem was gone; however, she informed her doctor that she now has diarrhea and other digestive problems. What do you think the doctor will recommend to Amanda to relieve her diarrhea and digestive problems?

Take probiotics to restore the population of beneficial bacteria she lost due to the antibiotic she was taking

Nutrition Facts

The Daily Value is - the recommended daily amount of a particular nutrient based on a 2000 kcal diet A food item is considered "high" in a nutrient if the % daily value is above - 20% According to the food label, one serving of the item provides __ % of the Daily Value for iron. - 45%

Which of the following statements is true?

In the US, poor, eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome often includes making dietary changes and

Learning stress management strategies

Which of the following is NOT a key nutrition concept?

The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.

Which of the following foods typically acts as a probiotic?

Whole grains

Which of the following describes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

an autoimmune disorder

Which US government agency, regulates nutrition and health related claims on product labels?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

For several years, Corey has suffered for him intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Korey, his "bad guts," worsen, whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Korey probably has __.

Irritable bowel syndrome

Which of the following is NOT included in the Healthy People report?

International goals and measurable objectives to guide evidence-based policies

The dietary reference intakes are an umbrella term that encompasses a number of nutrient recommendation terms. Drag the nutrient recommendation and explanation to its corresponding DRI term.

UL - adults are advised not to exceed 1000 micrograms of folate per day due to concern that higher amounts could mask a B 12 deficiency. EER- the average caloric intake for a male who is 9 to 13 years of age is estimated to be 2279 kcalories per day. RDA- non-pregnant females who are 14 to 18 years of age are advised to consume 65 mg of vitamin C per day. This amount meets the vitamin C needs for almost everyone in this age and life stage group. AI- females who are over 19 years of age are advised to consume 90 micrograms of vitamin K per day. There is not sufficient research to make a more definitive recommendation, but this amount appears to maintain good health.

Risk factors for constipation include all of the following except

drinking too much water

The hormone __ is secreted in response to food entering the stomach. This hormone stimulates, the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen.

gastrin

Why should a person consume foods that contain recommended amount of vitamins and minerals?

To maintain optimal storage levels of these nutrients in body tissues

Rose has a disease that has destroyed her salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Rose probably

Uses a lot of spices and sauces to season her foods.

The general step scientists make when conducting research are referred to as the "Scientific Method." Using the diagram in this question drag each step to the correct location in the Scientific Method.

-> make observations that generate questions -> formulate a hypothesis to explain events -> review current scientific literature (published studies) that relate to the questions -> design students perform tests and collect data -> analyze data, and draw conclusions based on the results -> share results with peers (report findings) -> conduct more research the results of which may confirm or refute previous findings

A serving of food contains 15g carbohydrate, 3g protein, 5g fat, 5mg vitamin C, and 100mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies __.

117 kcals

April is starting to train for hotdog eating contest. She's curious about the maximum capacity of the stomach. About what is believed to be the maximum capacity of the stomach?

16 cups

The type of domain used in a website URL can tell you what type of organization is behind the information contained on that website. Match the type of domain with the information found on each website.

A nationally accredited university, publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of vegetable intake on risk of heart disease. - .edu A government health agency promotes it's campaign to increase calcium consumption among preteen girls. - .gov A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes, provides information about using healthful foods for diabetes management. - .org A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems. - .com

EAR / RDA / UL

A persons diet is likely to be nutritionally adequate if the average daily intake, for each nutrient meets the nutrients RDA or AI value. If a persons, diet consistently supplies less than EAR for a nutrient, the individual may be at risk of developing the nutrient deficiency disorder. If a persons intake of a nutrient is consistently above its UL, this individual is at risk of developing that nutrients toxicity disorder.

Arthur suffers from frequent GERD. which of the following recommendations might you make to Arthur to reduce the incidence and severity of the GERD?

Avoid greasy and spicy foods

The dietary guidelines for Americans, incorporate scientific knowledge about the influence, the dietary choices can have on Health. Which of the following organizations is responsible for actually reviewing the evidence and preparing the scientific report that contains recommendations for the development of the dietary guidelines?

DGAC

Determine whether the relationship represents an inverse or direct correlation.

Direct correlation- - As high calorie, fast food consumption increases, weight, circumference, and body weight increase. - As solid fat intake in young adult decreases, risk for heart disease in older age decreases. Inverse correlation - - As vitamin D, fortified milk, intake in childhood and adolescence increases, development of osteoporosis and bone fractures decreases in older age. - As aerobic exercise in people with hypertension (high blood pressure) increases, average systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings decrease.

Which of the following statements about dumping syndrome is false?

Dumping Syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.

Which of the following is not a biological or physiological factor that influences a persons food choices?

Emotional stress level

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

bile

In the US, consumers eat more __ than recommended.

Protein foods

Go The USDA has developed messages to help consumers us MyPlate. Determine which statements fit each food group, and drag the statement to its correct food group.

Fruits - focus on hold or cut up options from this group. Vegetables - vary your dark green, orange, and starchy choices from this group. Grains - make at least half of your choices from this group "whole." Protein - choose lean foods from this group. Dairy - consume lowfat options that are good sources of calcium.