Biology Ch 16 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II

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Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered.

Macrophages Lymphocytes

Which of the following are part of the first line of defense against pathogens?

Microorganisms are washed away by tears, saliva, and urine. Particles trapped by the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract are swept out of the airways. Bacteria are removed from the skin by the sloughing off of epidermal cells.

Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______.

Mucosa Skin

The process by which complement proteins coat an antigen-antibody complex, making it a better target for phagocytosis, is called ___________.

Opsonization

List three properties of phagocytes and the process of phagocytosis.

Phagocytes in the lymphatic system remove foreign particles from lymph. Phagocytes in the blood vessels and tissues of spleen, liver, and bone marrow remove particles in the blood. The most active phagocytes in the blood are neutrophils and monocytes.

The immune response that occurs when B cells and T cells become activated after first encountering the antigens for which they are specialized to react is called the _______ immune response.

Primary

Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature in the thymus and later constitute 70% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes in blood are called _________ cells; lymphocytes that differentiate in red bone marrow and later constitute 20% to 30% of circulating lymphocytes are called ________________ cells.

T B

Which type of lymphocyte is more abundant in the circulation (i.e., in the blood)?

T cell

l List three cell types found in lymphatic tissue.

T cell B cell Macrophages

Identify three age-related changes in the immune system.

The numbers of T cells diminish only slightly, although the response time declines. Decline begins early in life, due in part to shrinkage of the thymus. With age, proportions of antibodies in different classes change (IgA and IgG increase, IgM and IgE decrease).

True or false: Plasma cells produce antibodies that target the same antigen as the receptor on the original B cell did.

True

The ______ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring the blood for blood-borne pathogens.

White

What is a pathogen?

a disease-causing agent

What is the name of the spaces within lymph nodes, through which lymph which lymph circulates?

lymphatic sinuses

The type of immune system cell carrying receptors that recognize nonself antigens is a(n) __________.

lymphocyte

Two cell types located in lymph nodes that function to attack bacteria and destroy foreign substances as lymph is being filtered are called macrophages and ______.

lymphocytes

Cells found in lymphatic tissue are ______ ______ ______.

lymphocytes and macrophages

The adaptive immune response depends on the actions of ______.

lymphocytes and macrophages

Indicate three functions of the lymphatic system.

absorption of lipids immunity fluid recovering from tissue

Define edem.

accumulation of excess fluid

gG IgA IgM IgD IgE

activates complement; responds to bacteria, viruses, and toxins defends against bacteria and viruses; found in secretions reacts with antigens on RBC membranes; activates complement activates B cells promotes inflammation and allergic reaction

A B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane-bound antigen receptors. What is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor?

activation of the B lymphocyte

Which term describes immunity that results from a primary immune response with production of memory cells? It is a long-lasting immunity.

active immunity

Lymph enters a lymph node through ______, moves through ______ within the node, and exits through ______.

afferent lymphatic vessels lymph sinuses efferent lymphatic vessels

Which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses?

macrophages lymphocytes

The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.

agglutination

What is the term for an antigen that triggers an allergic response?

allergen

Antibody response to antigens declines with age; therefore elderly people may require ______.

an extra dose of vaccines

Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called

antibodies

The ______ produced by plasma cells target the same antigen as the antigen receptors on the original B cell surface.

antibodies

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

Name the cell type that phagocytizes an antigen and displays the antigen fragments on its surface?

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

As a result of receiving a vaccine and triggering a primary immune response to the contained pathogen, the body develops _______ acquired _______ immunity.

artificially active

When an individual receives an antitoxin or antiserum to combat infection, they develop _______ acquired _______ immunity.

artificially passive

Exposure to a vaccine that stimulates a primary immune response leads to which type of immunity?

artificially acquired active immunity

An antibody that is directed against the "self" antigens of the body is called a(n) ______.

autoantibody

The immune system attacks self-antigens in immune system disorders known as ______ disorders.

autoimmune

Which event leads to activation of a B cell?

binding of the B cell's receptor to its targeted antigen

Which are characteristics of interferons?

block viral replication produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts

Lymphatic ______ are microscopic, close-ended tubes found within intercostal spaces.

capillaries

Which of the following is not a mechanism that facilitates the movement of the lymph fluid with in the lymphatic vessel>?

cardiac pumping

Fever indirectly counters microbial growth because higher body temperature ______.

causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron needed for microbial growth

Indicate two of the several mechanisms by which antibodies directly render antigens harmless.

causing agglutination neutralization by covering toxic parts of antigen

The type of T cell called ______ T cells are formed on the first exposure to a foreign antigen, but they do not have a function in the immune response until subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

memory

Which two types of cells are stimulated to produce the secondary immune response?

memory B cells memory T cells

T cells are responsible for ______ immunity, whereas B cells are responsible for ______ immunity

cellular; humoral

Defensins and collectins are examples of ______, part of the innate defenses.

chemical barriers

Lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two ______.

collecting ducts

Lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway, called ______.

collecting ducts

Rupturing of cell membranes is referred to as

cytolysis

A type of T lymphocyte that binds to foreign antigens on the surface of an antigen-bearing cell and releases perforins to destroy it is a(n) _________ T cell.

cytotoxic

List three of the many chemical barriers that are part of the innate defenses.

defensins collectins complement

Hypersensitivity resulting from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals with subsequent activation of T cells is known as _________ -reaction hypersensitivity.

delayed or type IV

naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity

due to the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus due to an injection of an attenuated flu virus due to becoming sick with the flu due to an injection of lab-produced antibodies

Excess tissue fluid resulting from the proper lymphatic drainage is called ______.

edema

Indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG.

effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins can cross the placenta activates complement proteins

List three functions associated with the spleen.

filtration of blood destruction of old and fragile red blood cells phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood

Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens.

first

naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity

follows exposure to a live pathogen due to injection of antiserum or antitoxin follows exposure to a weakened or dead pathogen, as through vaccination due to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, as through breast milk

Each antibody molecule consists of ______ chains of amino acids linked to each other by ______ bonds.

four; disulfide

Once activated, T cells that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigen are called ___________ T cells.

helper

The protection of a population from a pathogen that results from widespread vaccination is called ______ immunity.

herd

In order to stop the spread of a disease, a substantial proportion of a population must be vaccinated, establishing _______ _______ where most members are protected.

herd immunity

Which three items are components of lymph?

hormones; gases and nutrients; water

The force that moves fluid from the tissue spaces into the lymphatic capillaries is ______ pressure.

hydrostatic

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies that are produced against blood types are in the Ig ________ class, while antibodies that are associated with allergic reactions are in the Ig ________ class.

immunoglobulin M immunoglobulin E

What classes of immunoglobulins are most abundant in the body?

immunoglobulins G, A, and M

In response to viral infections, lymphocytes and fibroblasts produce proteins called ____________ that help prevent infection in nearby cells.

inerferons

A tissue response to pathogen invasion, characterized by redness, edema, heat, and pain, is called _____________.

inflammation

Upon injury to or infection in a tissue, the innate defense mechanism of _____________ occurs first, leading to redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

inflammation

General responses to pathogens, such as mechanical barriers, inflammation, and chemical barriers are part of the _________ defense, while protective mechanisms carried out by specialized lymphocytes that target specific pathogens are part of the _________ defense.

innate adaptive

The ______ defenses protect humans from all types of pathogens. In contrast, the ______ defenses are initiated when a particular pathogen is present, and are different for each pathogen type.

innate; adaptive

Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?

interferon

Cells that constitute the mononuclear phagocytic system are the ______ and the ________.

monocytes macrophages

During inflammation, injury, or infection, the types of white blood cells that act as phagocytes are the ___________ and the ____________.

neutrophils monocytes

small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that filter the lymph are called

nodes

Normally, an immune response occurs in response to the presence of ______ antigens.

nonself

In addition to water what other components are found in lymph?

nutrients hormones gases

Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production.

occurs throughout life occurs in red bone marrow

Which two phrases describe passive immunity?

occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date

Infections that occur only in patients with weakened immune systems are called ________ infections. Healthy immune systems can easily control these infections.

opportunistic

The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is

pathogen

Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells and virally infected cells by releasing proteins called ______.

perforins

What is the function of antigen-presenting cells?

phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface

Which two factors promote the movement of the lymph through the lymphatic vessels?

pressure changes during breathing skeletal muscle contraction

The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ______ immune response.

primary

What is the term for the activation of B cells and T cells that occurs upon first exposure to a specific antigen?

primary immune response

Indicate two accurate descriptions of antibodies.

produced by plasma cells proteins that bind to antigens

The lymphatic system is important for which three functions?

protection from disease; absorption of fats; maintaining extracellular fluid balance

An antigen is a molecule that can ______.

provoke an immune response

By which means does artificially acquired passive immunity occur?

receiving an injection containing antibodies produced by another individual

Fill in the blank question. A B cell becomes activated when an antigen binds to the antigen _________ on its surface.

receptor

Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation within the ________ pulp of the spleen.

red

Throughout life, lymphocyte production occurs in the ______.

red bone marrow

Describe a delayed-reaction hypersensitivity response.

resulting from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals with subsequent activation of T cells

List three functions of lymph.

return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries transport dietary fats to the bloodstream transport foreign particles to lymph nodes

Memory B and memory T cells respond to antigens during a ______ immune response.

secondary

During a ______ immune response, antibodies are produced more rapidly than during a ______ immune response.

secondary; primary

In autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks ______.

self-antigens

Spaces through which lymph circulates within lymph nodes are called lymphatic ______.

sinuses

Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the _____________ and the ________________ membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

skin mucus

As a lymphatic organ, the ______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.

spleen

Name the largest lymphatic organ, located just inferior to the diaphragm.

spleen

What is a role of helper T cells?

stimulate B cells to make antibodies

List three characteristics of cytokines.

stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes secreted by T cells and macrophages regulate intensity and duration of immune responses

What is agglutination?

the clumping together of cells

What is opsonization?

the coating produced by complement proteins that surrounds an antigen-antibody complex

Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.

trunks; collecting duck

Each Y-shaped antibody molecule has four chains of amino acids which include ______.

two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

Immune complex hypersensitivity is also called type ______ hypersensitivity.

type III

When do memory T cells have a role in the immune response to an antigen?

upon subsequent exposures to an antigen

Within lymphatic vessels, structures that prevent backflow so that lymph can only move toward a collecting duct, are called______.

valves

The segment of the the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels are most anatomically similar to which type of blood vessel?

veins

As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the __________ circulation.

venous

Lymph is the fluid found ______.

within lymphatic capillaries

What occurs when a cell undergoes lysis?

it bursts or ruptures

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the lining of the small intestines are called ______. They are specialized to absorb fat form the intestines.

lacteals

The role of fever in innate defense is to make the body ______ hospitable to certain pathogens.

less

Fever causes two organs to sequester (store away) iron from the blood. These organs are the _______ and the _______.

liver spleen

Indicate which of the lymphatic trunks empty into the thoracic duct?

lumbar trunk left subclavian trunk intestinal trunk Intercostal trunk

The fluid inside lymphatic capillaries is called ______.

lymph

Lymph transports foreign particles such as, bacteria, and viruses, to lymphatic structures called ______ ______.

lymph nodes

Which two phrases describe passive immunity?

-occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual -short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date

What is the function of a lacteal?

Absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.

Which cell types internalize, process, and display antigens on MHC proteins on their plasma membrane?

B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages

Identify three examples of antigen-presenting cells.

B cells dendritic cells macrophages

Typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to ______.

Cardiovascular veins

Polypeptides that are secreted by T cells and macrophages to enhance cell-mediated immune responses to foreign antigens are called _________.

Cytokines

______ are peptides produced by neutrophils that make holes in bacterial cell walls and membranes, while ______ are proteins that recognize and bind to specific arrangements of sugars on pathogens, stimulating phagocytosis.

Defensins collectins

True or false: All of the lymphocytes needed by the body are produced in the liver and spleen during fetal development (prior to birth).

False

Antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity is also called type ______ hypersensitivity.

II

Which type of hypersensitivity is a delayed reaction to chemical exposure, with symptoms not occurring for about 48 hours?

IV

Which class of immunoglobulin activates complement proteins and is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxin molecules?

IgG

Compare IgG, IgA, and IgM with the other two classes (IgD and IgE). Which statement is true?

IgG, IgA, and IgM are more abundant in the body than IgD or IgE.

Which class of antibody is associated with type I (immediate-reaction) hypersensitivity?

Immunoglobin E (IgE)

Which statement describes the actions of interferon?

Interferon binds to uninfected cells and blocks replication of viruses.

During a fever, why is the reduction of the amount of iron in the blood beneficial?

It slows down growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi.

______ ______ are encapsulated organs that filter lymph to remove potentially harmful particles.

Lymph nodes

Listed are the general terms of the lymphatic pathways of the body. Starting closest to the tissues at the top and ending at the at the veins and thorax.

Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic Trunks Lymphatic Collecting Ducts

Which type of lymphatic vessel is found in network that's parallel the blood capillaries?

Lymphatic capillaries

Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs liquids, and protects the body against pathogens?

Lymphatic system

Indicate two characteristics of antigens.

They are molecules that can trigger an immune response. They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids

The thymus gland secretes the hormone called ____________, which is important for the maturation of ______________ cells.

Thymosin T

what is the role of the valves found within the lymphatic vessels?

To prevent backflow of lymph.

The intestinal, intercostal, and lumbar lymphatic trunks drain into the ______ duct.

thoracic

Which patients are most likely to develop opportunistic infections?

those with a weakened immune system

Which gland secretes the hormone called thymosin?

thymus


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