Biology Ch 16 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered.
Macrophages Lymphocytes
Which of the following are part of the first line of defense against pathogens?
Microorganisms are washed away by tears, saliva, and urine. Particles trapped by the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract are swept out of the airways. Bacteria are removed from the skin by the sloughing off of epidermal cells.
Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______.
Mucosa Skin
The process by which complement proteins coat an antigen-antibody complex, making it a better target for phagocytosis, is called ___________.
Opsonization
List three properties of phagocytes and the process of phagocytosis.
Phagocytes in the lymphatic system remove foreign particles from lymph. Phagocytes in the blood vessels and tissues of spleen, liver, and bone marrow remove particles in the blood. The most active phagocytes in the blood are neutrophils and monocytes.
The immune response that occurs when B cells and T cells become activated after first encountering the antigens for which they are specialized to react is called the _______ immune response.
Primary
Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature in the thymus and later constitute 70% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes in blood are called _________ cells; lymphocytes that differentiate in red bone marrow and later constitute 20% to 30% of circulating lymphocytes are called ________________ cells.
T B
Which type of lymphocyte is more abundant in the circulation (i.e., in the blood)?
T cell
l List three cell types found in lymphatic tissue.
T cell B cell Macrophages
Identify three age-related changes in the immune system.
The numbers of T cells diminish only slightly, although the response time declines. Decline begins early in life, due in part to shrinkage of the thymus. With age, proportions of antibodies in different classes change (IgA and IgG increase, IgM and IgE decrease).
True or false: Plasma cells produce antibodies that target the same antigen as the receptor on the original B cell did.
True
The ______ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring the blood for blood-borne pathogens.
White
What is a pathogen?
a disease-causing agent
What is the name of the spaces within lymph nodes, through which lymph which lymph circulates?
lymphatic sinuses
The type of immune system cell carrying receptors that recognize nonself antigens is a(n) __________.
lymphocyte
Two cell types located in lymph nodes that function to attack bacteria and destroy foreign substances as lymph is being filtered are called macrophages and ______.
lymphocytes
Cells found in lymphatic tissue are ______ ______ ______.
lymphocytes and macrophages
The adaptive immune response depends on the actions of ______.
lymphocytes and macrophages
Indicate three functions of the lymphatic system.
absorption of lipids immunity fluid recovering from tissue
Define edem.
accumulation of excess fluid
gG IgA IgM IgD IgE
activates complement; responds to bacteria, viruses, and toxins defends against bacteria and viruses; found in secretions reacts with antigens on RBC membranes; activates complement activates B cells promotes inflammation and allergic reaction
A B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane-bound antigen receptors. What is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor?
activation of the B lymphocyte
Which term describes immunity that results from a primary immune response with production of memory cells? It is a long-lasting immunity.
active immunity
Lymph enters a lymph node through ______, moves through ______ within the node, and exits through ______.
afferent lymphatic vessels lymph sinuses efferent lymphatic vessels
Which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses?
macrophages lymphocytes
The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.
agglutination
What is the term for an antigen that triggers an allergic response?
allergen
Antibody response to antigens declines with age; therefore elderly people may require ______.
an extra dose of vaccines
Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called
antibodies
The ______ produced by plasma cells target the same antigen as the antigen receptors on the original B cell surface.
antibodies
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)
antigen
Name the cell type that phagocytizes an antigen and displays the antigen fragments on its surface?
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
As a result of receiving a vaccine and triggering a primary immune response to the contained pathogen, the body develops _______ acquired _______ immunity.
artificially active
When an individual receives an antitoxin or antiserum to combat infection, they develop _______ acquired _______ immunity.
artificially passive
Exposure to a vaccine that stimulates a primary immune response leads to which type of immunity?
artificially acquired active immunity
An antibody that is directed against the "self" antigens of the body is called a(n) ______.
autoantibody
The immune system attacks self-antigens in immune system disorders known as ______ disorders.
autoimmune
Which event leads to activation of a B cell?
binding of the B cell's receptor to its targeted antigen
Which are characteristics of interferons?
block viral replication produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts
Lymphatic ______ are microscopic, close-ended tubes found within intercostal spaces.
capillaries
Which of the following is not a mechanism that facilitates the movement of the lymph fluid with in the lymphatic vessel>?
cardiac pumping
Fever indirectly counters microbial growth because higher body temperature ______.
causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron needed for microbial growth
Indicate two of the several mechanisms by which antibodies directly render antigens harmless.
causing agglutination neutralization by covering toxic parts of antigen
The type of T cell called ______ T cells are formed on the first exposure to a foreign antigen, but they do not have a function in the immune response until subsequent exposures to the same antigen.
memory
Which two types of cells are stimulated to produce the secondary immune response?
memory B cells memory T cells
T cells are responsible for ______ immunity, whereas B cells are responsible for ______ immunity
cellular; humoral
Defensins and collectins are examples of ______, part of the innate defenses.
chemical barriers
Lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two ______.
collecting ducts
Lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway, called ______.
collecting ducts
Rupturing of cell membranes is referred to as
cytolysis
A type of T lymphocyte that binds to foreign antigens on the surface of an antigen-bearing cell and releases perforins to destroy it is a(n) _________ T cell.
cytotoxic
List three of the many chemical barriers that are part of the innate defenses.
defensins collectins complement
Hypersensitivity resulting from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals with subsequent activation of T cells is known as _________ -reaction hypersensitivity.
delayed or type IV
naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity
due to the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus due to an injection of an attenuated flu virus due to becoming sick with the flu due to an injection of lab-produced antibodies
Excess tissue fluid resulting from the proper lymphatic drainage is called ______.
edema
Indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG.
effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins can cross the placenta activates complement proteins
List three functions associated with the spleen.
filtration of blood destruction of old and fragile red blood cells phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood
Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens.
first
naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity
follows exposure to a live pathogen due to injection of antiserum or antitoxin follows exposure to a weakened or dead pathogen, as through vaccination due to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, as through breast milk
Each antibody molecule consists of ______ chains of amino acids linked to each other by ______ bonds.
four; disulfide
Once activated, T cells that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigen are called ___________ T cells.
helper
The protection of a population from a pathogen that results from widespread vaccination is called ______ immunity.
herd
In order to stop the spread of a disease, a substantial proportion of a population must be vaccinated, establishing _______ _______ where most members are protected.
herd immunity
Which three items are components of lymph?
hormones; gases and nutrients; water
The force that moves fluid from the tissue spaces into the lymphatic capillaries is ______ pressure.
hydrostatic
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies that are produced against blood types are in the Ig ________ class, while antibodies that are associated with allergic reactions are in the Ig ________ class.
immunoglobulin M immunoglobulin E
What classes of immunoglobulins are most abundant in the body?
immunoglobulins G, A, and M
In response to viral infections, lymphocytes and fibroblasts produce proteins called ____________ that help prevent infection in nearby cells.
inerferons
A tissue response to pathogen invasion, characterized by redness, edema, heat, and pain, is called _____________.
inflammation
Upon injury to or infection in a tissue, the innate defense mechanism of _____________ occurs first, leading to redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
inflammation
General responses to pathogens, such as mechanical barriers, inflammation, and chemical barriers are part of the _________ defense, while protective mechanisms carried out by specialized lymphocytes that target specific pathogens are part of the _________ defense.
innate adaptive
The ______ defenses protect humans from all types of pathogens. In contrast, the ______ defenses are initiated when a particular pathogen is present, and are different for each pathogen type.
innate; adaptive
Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?
interferon
Cells that constitute the mononuclear phagocytic system are the ______ and the ________.
monocytes macrophages
During inflammation, injury, or infection, the types of white blood cells that act as phagocytes are the ___________ and the ____________.
neutrophils monocytes
small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that filter the lymph are called
nodes
Normally, an immune response occurs in response to the presence of ______ antigens.
nonself
In addition to water what other components are found in lymph?
nutrients hormones gases
Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production.
occurs throughout life occurs in red bone marrow
Which two phrases describe passive immunity?
occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date
Infections that occur only in patients with weakened immune systems are called ________ infections. Healthy immune systems can easily control these infections.
opportunistic
The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is
pathogen
Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells and virally infected cells by releasing proteins called ______.
perforins
What is the function of antigen-presenting cells?
phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface
Which two factors promote the movement of the lymph through the lymphatic vessels?
pressure changes during breathing skeletal muscle contraction
The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ______ immune response.
primary
What is the term for the activation of B cells and T cells that occurs upon first exposure to a specific antigen?
primary immune response
Indicate two accurate descriptions of antibodies.
produced by plasma cells proteins that bind to antigens
The lymphatic system is important for which three functions?
protection from disease; absorption of fats; maintaining extracellular fluid balance
An antigen is a molecule that can ______.
provoke an immune response
By which means does artificially acquired passive immunity occur?
receiving an injection containing antibodies produced by another individual
Fill in the blank question. A B cell becomes activated when an antigen binds to the antigen _________ on its surface.
receptor
Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation within the ________ pulp of the spleen.
red
Throughout life, lymphocyte production occurs in the ______.
red bone marrow
Describe a delayed-reaction hypersensitivity response.
resulting from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals with subsequent activation of T cells
List three functions of lymph.
return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries transport dietary fats to the bloodstream transport foreign particles to lymph nodes
Memory B and memory T cells respond to antigens during a ______ immune response.
secondary
During a ______ immune response, antibodies are produced more rapidly than during a ______ immune response.
secondary; primary
In autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks ______.
self-antigens
Spaces through which lymph circulates within lymph nodes are called lymphatic ______.
sinuses
Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the _____________ and the ________________ membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
skin mucus
As a lymphatic organ, the ______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.
spleen
Name the largest lymphatic organ, located just inferior to the diaphragm.
spleen
What is a role of helper T cells?
stimulate B cells to make antibodies
List three characteristics of cytokines.
stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes secreted by T cells and macrophages regulate intensity and duration of immune responses
What is agglutination?
the clumping together of cells
What is opsonization?
the coating produced by complement proteins that surrounds an antigen-antibody complex
Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.
trunks; collecting duck
Each Y-shaped antibody molecule has four chains of amino acids which include ______.
two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
Immune complex hypersensitivity is also called type ______ hypersensitivity.
type III
When do memory T cells have a role in the immune response to an antigen?
upon subsequent exposures to an antigen
Within lymphatic vessels, structures that prevent backflow so that lymph can only move toward a collecting duct, are called______.
valves
The segment of the the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels are most anatomically similar to which type of blood vessel?
veins
As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the __________ circulation.
venous
Lymph is the fluid found ______.
within lymphatic capillaries
What occurs when a cell undergoes lysis?
it bursts or ruptures
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the lining of the small intestines are called ______. They are specialized to absorb fat form the intestines.
lacteals
The role of fever in innate defense is to make the body ______ hospitable to certain pathogens.
less
Fever causes two organs to sequester (store away) iron from the blood. These organs are the _______ and the _______.
liver spleen
Indicate which of the lymphatic trunks empty into the thoracic duct?
lumbar trunk left subclavian trunk intestinal trunk Intercostal trunk
The fluid inside lymphatic capillaries is called ______.
lymph
Lymph transports foreign particles such as, bacteria, and viruses, to lymphatic structures called ______ ______.
lymph nodes
Which two phrases describe passive immunity?
-occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual -short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date
What is the function of a lacteal?
Absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.
Which cell types internalize, process, and display antigens on MHC proteins on their plasma membrane?
B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
Identify three examples of antigen-presenting cells.
B cells dendritic cells macrophages
Typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to ______.
Cardiovascular veins
Polypeptides that are secreted by T cells and macrophages to enhance cell-mediated immune responses to foreign antigens are called _________.
Cytokines
______ are peptides produced by neutrophils that make holes in bacterial cell walls and membranes, while ______ are proteins that recognize and bind to specific arrangements of sugars on pathogens, stimulating phagocytosis.
Defensins collectins
True or false: All of the lymphocytes needed by the body are produced in the liver and spleen during fetal development (prior to birth).
False
Antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity is also called type ______ hypersensitivity.
II
Which type of hypersensitivity is a delayed reaction to chemical exposure, with symptoms not occurring for about 48 hours?
IV
Which class of immunoglobulin activates complement proteins and is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxin molecules?
IgG
Compare IgG, IgA, and IgM with the other two classes (IgD and IgE). Which statement is true?
IgG, IgA, and IgM are more abundant in the body than IgD or IgE.
Which class of antibody is associated with type I (immediate-reaction) hypersensitivity?
Immunoglobin E (IgE)
Which statement describes the actions of interferon?
Interferon binds to uninfected cells and blocks replication of viruses.
During a fever, why is the reduction of the amount of iron in the blood beneficial?
It slows down growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi.
______ ______ are encapsulated organs that filter lymph to remove potentially harmful particles.
Lymph nodes
Listed are the general terms of the lymphatic pathways of the body. Starting closest to the tissues at the top and ending at the at the veins and thorax.
Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic Trunks Lymphatic Collecting Ducts
Which type of lymphatic vessel is found in network that's parallel the blood capillaries?
Lymphatic capillaries
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs liquids, and protects the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic system
Indicate two characteristics of antigens.
They are molecules that can trigger an immune response. They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids
The thymus gland secretes the hormone called ____________, which is important for the maturation of ______________ cells.
Thymosin T
what is the role of the valves found within the lymphatic vessels?
To prevent backflow of lymph.
The intestinal, intercostal, and lumbar lymphatic trunks drain into the ______ duct.
thoracic
Which patients are most likely to develop opportunistic infections?
those with a weakened immune system
Which gland secretes the hormone called thymosin?
thymus
