Biology Chapter 13.1-13.6 & 15

Paleozoic Era

In which geologic time era did plants and fungi first establish on land?

molecular clock

A(n) _________ has been used to estimate tat HIV-1 M first spread to humans in the 1930s

paedomorphosis

An axolotl salamander in which sexually mature adults retain guilt and other larval features is an example of what?

analogous structures

Animals that have similar external appearances but are different subclasses, such as a marsupial and monotreme have what?

D) there are many immediate stages of eye complexity that fulfill different adaptive functions

Anti-evolutionary thinkers sometimes argue that natural selection could not produce a complex structure like the vertebrate eye. They claim that all of the parts of the eye must have arisen at once, asking why natural selection would favor the development of part of an eye that is not yet capable of forming a focused image. Which of the following statements is consistent with a survey of eye structure in the molluscs? A) the vertebrate eye works in a way that is completely different from the eyes found in molluscs and other invertebrates B) the argument has a great deal of merit. Only full-blown image-forming eyes are present in modern organisms C) the vertebrate eye is the ancestral form, and other types of organisms have degenerate eyes that have lost most of their original structure and function D) there are many intermediate stages of eye complexity that fulfill different adaptive functions

natural selection

Differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics is an example of what?

crust

Earth's continents and sesasfloors together form a thin outer layer of the planet called the __________.

exaptation...for some other function and only later became adapted for flight

Feathers are an example of an ________________; they originally evolved ______________.

analogous structures

Flight/wings of bats, birds, and insects are an example of what?

through mutations or changes in the expression of one or a few genes that regulate development

How can an organisms body form substantially change according to "eve-devo" thinking?

features shared between two groups are likely to have been present in their common ancestor

How can phylogenetic trees be used to make predictions?

B) by providing new food resources, habitats, etc. for the second group

How can the success of one group of organisms promote the adaptive radiation of a second group? A) by competing with the second group, promoting its adaptive radiation B) by providing new food resources, habitats, etc. for the second group C) by preying on the second group, which hastens its adaptation D) by filling most of the available niches, which forces the second group to evolve greater diversity

It can decimate a thriving and complex ecological community; it can permanently remove species with highly advantageous features and change the course of evolution forever

How do mass extinctions affect the species of the earth?

the width of the line reflects the numbers of species

How do you recognize adaptive radiation on graphs and evolutionary trees?

anatomical and molecular homologous structures

How is the branching sequence on an evolutionary tree determined?

C) shallow coastal areas were drained, leading to the extinction of many marine species

How is the merging of continents to form Pangaea believed to have altered Earth's environments at the end of the Paleozoic era? A) it eliminated all multicellular eukaryotes, allowing evolution to start anew B) it made the climate warmer and moister for terrestrial organisms in the center of the new land mass C) shallow coastal areas were drained, leading to the extinction of many marine species D) it prompted an immediate increase in Earth's biodiversity

5-10 million years

How long does it take for species diversity to recover from a mass extinction?

two

How many domains of the three domain system is given to prokaryotes?

at least 5

How many mass extinctions have there been?

3 times

How many times have earth's land masses joined in a single continent and then split back apart?

-A flask of warmed water represented the primeval sea -The water was heated so that some vaporized and moved into a second, higher flask -The "atmosphere" in this higher flask consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia--the gases that scientists at the time thought prevailed in the ancient world. Electrodes discharged sparks into the flask to mimic lightning -A condenser with circulating cold water cooled the atmosphere, raining water and any dissolved compounds back down into the miniature sea -As material cycled through the apparatus, Miller periodically collected samples for chemical analysis

How was Miller's experiment set up?

binary fission

How was the first system of inheritance in the earliest forms of life thought to have happened?

-climate changed to cold and dry (in the middle parts) -ocean level lowered -less shallow areas

How was the merging of the continents into Pangaea thought to have altered the environments of the earth?

-North America -Europe -Asia

If a species were found on Laurasia 135 million years ago, on what modern continents would its descendants be most likely to be found today?

less than 1 second ago (0.2 seconds)

If all of Earth's history were compressed into an hour, what is the time frame for humans first appearing on earth?

C) phylogenetic trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes

In accordance with the principle of parsimony, scientists prefer A) phylogenetic trees in which adaptations repeatedly arise, disappear, and reappear B) the Linnean system of nomenclature to the use of common names C) phylogenetic trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes D) phylogenetic trees with many small clades to those with a few major clades

A) a shared ancestral character...a shared derived character unique to mammals

In mammals, the presence of four limbs is _________ and hair is __________. A) a shared ancestral charater...a shared derived character unique to mammals B) monophyletic...parsimonious C) a homologous feature...an analogous feature D) a shared derived character...an ancestral character that places mammals in the tetrapod clade

D) remove well-adapted species and groups from the Earth, so that it may take millions of years for species diversity to recover

Mass extinctions A) mainly serve to "weed out" poorly adapted organisms and make room for new, better adapted species B) are caused by human activity and did not occur prior to the expansion of the Earth's human population C) remove many species, but they are usually replaced within a million years or less by an even greater diversity of life D) remove well-adapted species and groups from the Earth, so that it may take millions of years for species diversity to recover

B) amino acids and other organic molecules could have formed under conditions thought to resemble those of early Earth

Miller was the first to show that A) eukaryotic life evolved from early prokaryotes B) amino acids and other organic molecules could have formed under conditions thought to resemble those of early Earth C) the earliest forms of life ad an RNA genome D) the earliest forms of life were photosynthetic

D) complex organic molecules can be produced by physical processes from inorganic components

Miller-Urey-type experiments have shown that A) given the conditions of early Earth, the formation of life would still require additional materials from meteorites and asteroids B) living cells could survive in the primitive Earth's atmosphere C) simple cells could be produced in the laboratory using a "soup" of small organic molecules D) complex organic molecules can be produced by physical processes from inorganic components

volcanic rocks and associated fossils...hundreds of millions of years

Potassium-40 can be used to date ____________ that are ___________ old.

D) the mass extinction of most dinosaurs, an event that opened up new ecological opportunities

Scientists believe that a major factor promoting the adaptive radiation of mammals was probably A) internal fertilization B) their development of fur C) the origin and diversification of flowering plants D) the mass extinction of most dinosaurs, an event that opened up new ecological opporunities

A) the asteroid impact was probably the triggering event for the extinction

Scientists evaluating the Cretaceous mass extinction have concluded that A) the asteroid impact was probably the triggering event for the extinction B) climate change would not have been involved in producing the extinctions C) ecological factors such as disease and competition probably caused the dinosaurs to go extinct D) only an extraterrestrial impact could have caused such a big extinction event

C) 75,000 years

The 14C:12C ratio can be used to date fossils that are up to approximately how old? A) 7 million years B) 100 million years C) 75,000 years D) 7,500 years

the collision of two continental plates

The Himalayas are an example of a mountain range formed as a result of ____________.

A) by altering the expression of a developmental gene in some parts of the body but not others

The example of ocean and lake stickleback fishes indicates that morphology can be altered A) by altering the expression of a developmental gene in some parts of the body but not others B) by environmental factors ( in this case, pollution) C) by the elimination of a gene (Pitx1) from a population, which leads to loss of the trait (body armor and spines) D) only by changing the sequences of protein-coding genes

B) life does not arise from nonliving matter today, but in the conditions of early Earth, such as an event could have occurred

The findings of Pasteur and others have established that A) living organisms do not arise from nonliving matter today, nor did they arise from nonlife in the past B) life does not arise from nonliving matter today, but in the conditions of early Earth, such as an event could have occurred C) advanced organisms cannot arise from nonliving matter, but simple microbial life often does arise from nonlife today D) living organisms regularly self-assemble (arise spontaneously) from nonliving matter

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

What are the basic layers of the earth?

1) Although natural selection occurs through interactions between individual organisms and the environment, individuals do not evolve. Rather, the population evolves over time as adaptive traits become more common in a group and other traits change or disappear 2) Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits 3) Evolution is not goal directed: it does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms

What are the ideas that make up Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

What are the taxonomic categories, taxa, in order from most general to most specific?

earthquake

What can happen when two tectonic plates slide past one another?

-hollow bones -three-fingered hand -half-moon shaped wrist bone -reversed first toe

What characteristics found in Archaeopteryx might provide evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common ancestor?

the species on the Galapagos Islands resembled species on the nearest mainland

What did Darwin find regarding the species on the Galapagos and species on the mainland?

a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

What does an evolutionary tree actually represent?

similar animals that seem to be closely related are adapted to different environments in nearby areas

What does biogeography contribute to evolutionary theory?

-shows what the great events in the history of life have been and when they occurred/evolutionary history -does not show how they died

What does the currently available fossil record tend to show and not show?

Permian pass extinction; volcanic eruptions; the extinction of many marine and terrestrial organisms at the ed of the period; formation of Pangaea

What happened at the end of the Permian period?

classify species in groups that reflect evolutionary relationships

What has systematics tried to do ever since Darwin proposed his theory of descent with modification by natural selection?

iridium was found and was very common in meteorites

What is one of the strongest lines of evidence for a meteor or comet strike during the Cretaceous period?

molecular systematics

What makes it possible to trace phylogenies among microbial groups that have no fossil record?

fungi, plants, animals

What organisms first appeared on land during the Ordovician (early Paleozoic era)?

flowering plants and mammals

What organisms first appeared on land in the Mesozoic era?

reptiles

What organisms were dominant in the Mesozoic era?

50%

What percentage of the species on the earth became extinct because of mass extinctions?

the conditions that early earth believed to have could've generated organic molecules

What results showed from Miller's experiment?

Oxygen gas tends to disrupt organic molecules, so its absence promoted the formation and stability of complex organic molecules on the early Earth

What was the probable role of oxygen gas in the early stages of life's appearance on Earth?

a test of a hypothesis about the origin of life developed in the 1920s by Russian chemist A. I. Oparin and British scientist J. B. S. Haldine. (conditions on early earth could have generated organic molecules)

What were Miller's experiments?

prokaryotes

What were the first discovered fossils?

if it is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi

What would keep an organism from becoming a part of the fossil record when it dies?

Cretaceous period in the late Mesozoic era

When did the earliest known flowering plants appear in geologic time?

65 million years ago

When did the modern continents begin to take shape?

12-14 billion years ago

When was the "Big Bang" thought to have occurred?

3.5 billion years ago

When were the earliest fossils discovered?

Eukarya

Where in the three domain system are the eukaryotes represented?

C) O2 (oxygen gas)

Which highly reactive gas was probably absent from the Earth's primitive atmosphere? A) water vapor B) carbon dioxide C) O2 (oxygen gas) D) methane

A) hot sand, clay, or rock along the seashore

Which of the following environments is thought to have promoted the dehydration synthesis of polypeptides and other macromolecules from smaller organic monomers on a prebiotic Earth? A) hot sand, clay, or rock along the sea shore B) freshwater swamps and marshes C) deep-sea hydrothermal vents D) sediments at the bottom of the world's oceans

A) plants and fungi on land; land arthropods; reptiles; flowering plants

Which of the following options correctly lists the varieties of life in the order that they appear in the geologic record, from earliest to most recent? A) plants and fungi on land; land arthropods; reptiles; flowering plants B) plants and fungi on land; land arthropods; flowering plants; reptiles C) land arthropods; plants and fungi on land; flowering plants; reptiles D) reptiles; land arthropods; plants and fungi on land; flowering plants

A) first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, first eukaryotes, colonization of land by plants and fungi

Which of the following options lists major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent? A) first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, first eukaryotes, colonization of land by plants and fungi B) first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first eukaryotes C) first prokaryotes, first eukaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi D) first eukaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first prokaryotes

Wallace

Which scientist developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's and at almost the same time?

fossils of lungfish are found on every continent except for Antarctica

Why do we think that lungfish evolved while Pangaea was intact?

the rate is 100-1000 times the normal rate seen in the fossil record; could be the start of a sixth mass extinction

Why is the rate of extinction of species during the last 400 years alarming?

A) Clade...monophyletic taxon

________ and __________ mean tthe same thing A) Clade...monophyletic taxon B) Clade... parsimony C) Derived...ancestral D) Parsimony...analogy

radiometric dating

a method for determining the absolute ages of fossils and rocks, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes

ribozymes

an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme

artificial selection

broccoli, cabbages, and brussel sprouts all descending from the same wild plant and being able to interbreed are examples of what?

adaptive radiation

period of evolutionary changes in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill new or vacant ecological roles in their communities

analogous structures

similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait

homology

similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

evolution

the core theme of Biology that explains both the unity and diversity of life

convergent evolution

the process through which species not closely related may come to resemble on another if they live in similar environments

paedomorphosis

the retention in an adult of juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors

artificial selection

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits

biogeography

the study of the past and present distribution of organisms

homologous structures

the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale is an example of what?