Biology Chapter 51 Online Quiz, Biology

B

Rising coastal sea levels are expected to result from a. increased volcanic activity on the ocean floor. b. global warming. c. ozone layer depletion. d. acid precipitation.

D

Scientists don't use the common names of organisms because A an organism may have more than one common name. B common names are too ambiguous. C an organism rarely has the same name in different languages. D All of the above

B

Scientists first began to study viruses because they a. were seen through a microscope. b. could not be seen but caused disease. c. formed crystals. d. were made of cells.

C

Scientists strongly suspect that temperatures are increasing on Earth because a. decomposers essential to recycling matter are being destroyed. b. too much oxygen is being given off by plants. c. increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is trapping more heat. d. Earth is tilting further toward the sun in the summer.

C

Scientists studying the transport of sugars in plants found it difficult to conduct experiments that didn't damage the plants they were studying. Some of them decided to use some insects they knew fed on plants. The insects they chose were aphids, which have mouthparts that they insert into plants and use to suck out nutrients. Many of these aphids also release excess sugars from the anal end of their digestive tracts. These substances are called honeydew because they are released as sugary droplets. The scientists conducted the following experiments: (1) They measured the rate at which honeydew was released from aphids feeding on cucumber plants. The average rate was two drops per hour. (2) They froze some aphids and the plant parts to which the aphids were attached. They then examined cross sections of the plant parts using an electron microscope. They found that the tips of the aphids' mouthparts were in individual cells in the phloem tissue. (3) They anesthetized aphids feeding on plants and then cut away the aphids, leaving the mouthparts in place. They noted that the honeydew continued to be released through the mouthparts at a rate of two drops per hour. They also analyzed the honeydew and found that it had the same chemical composition as the sugars transported in the plants. Which of the following statements is not supported by the data obtained in these experiments? A The contents of the phloem are under pressure. B Sugars are transported in the phloem of plants. C Sugars are actively transported into cells of the phloem. D Some aphids take up more sugars from plants than they can use.

D

Scientists think that practically everyone infected with HIV a. can be cured with vaccines. b. will die of AIDS within one year of diagnosis of the virus. c. will live a normal life if they don't smoke and if they eat a balanced diet. d. will eventually develop AIDS.

D

Sea stars are strong predators of marine organisms such as clams and mussels. An ecologist studying an ocean ecosystem performed an experiment in which the sea stars were removed from the ecosystem. After the removal of the sea stars, a. the ecosystem became more diverse. b. food webs in the ecosystem became more complex. c. the size of the ecosystem was reduced. d. the number of species in the ecosystem was reduced.

D

Secondary exposure to a pathogen a. results in very rapid production of antibodies. b. stimulates memory cells to divide quickly. c. may result in destruction of the pathogen before a person knows he or she is infected. d. All of the above

C

Secondary succession : cleared forest :: a. pile of rock and gravel : secondary succession b. secondary succession : bare soil c. primary succession : new volcanic island d. succession : the absence of plants

B

Secondary succession occurs a. as one generation of organisms replaces the previous one. b. as a previously existing community is replaced. c. after a new food web is established. d. All of the above

B

Secondary xylem and phloem are produced from the A cork cambium. B vascular cambium. C apical meristems. D bark.

B

Seed plants are the dominant land plants because A they include the largest plants on Earth. B the seeds they produce enable the plant to survive in a dormant state when conditions are not suitable for growth. C they are vascular plants with large root systems, so they can obtain water from any kind of environment. D they produce flowers that are pollinated by insects, enabling them to produce many offspring.

B

Since natural resources are limited, all organisms A must migrate to new habitats. B must compete for resources. C display vestigial structures. D have inherited characteristics.

D

Some land plants developed an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels called A cuticles. B nonvascular canals. C the circulatory system. D vascular tissues.

B

Speciation can occur as a result of geographic isolation because A members of a species can no longer find mates. B populations that live in different environments may be exposed to different selection pressures. C the biological concept of species defines individuals that do not interbreed as members of different species. D All of the above

D

Species evenness is a measure of a. the number of different species in a community. b. the total number of individuals in a community. c. the number of plant species relative to the number of animal species in a community. d. the relative abundance of different species in a community.

A

Species with narrow niches A are called specialists. B use a wide variety of resources. C can tolerate a range of environmental conditions. D All of the above

A

Sperm and eggs are both a. haploid. b. diploid. c. tetraploid. d. None of the above

D

Structures found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a bacterial cell are A cell nuclei. B multiple chromosomes. C membrane-bound organelles. D All of the above

B

Unlike viruses, prions a. are capable of reproducing outside of a host cell. b. are composed only of protein. c. can cause brain infections. d. can be treated with antibiotics.

C

The accumulation of differences between populations that once formed a single population is called A coevolution. B adaptation. C divergent evolution. D cumulative differentiation.

C

The ancestors of today's land plants were probably A brown algae. B red algae. C green algae. D lichens.

C

The areas of an organism's tolerance curve that lie at the extreme high or low for an environmental variable represent the A optimal range of the environmental variable for the organism. B zones of efficient performance by the organism. C zones of poorest performance by the organism. D range of the environmental variable preferred by the organism.

C

The beak of a bird and the beak of a giant squid evolved independently and serve the same function. The beaks are A divergent structures. B homologous structures. C analogous structures. D hybrid structures.

C

The biggest threats to the survival of endangered species include each of the following except a. invasive species. b. habitat destruction. c. ecotourism. d. hunting.

B

The biome that makes up most of the central part of the continental United States is a. temperate forest. b. temperate grassland. c. chaparral. d. savanna.

D

The body's first line of defense against infection includes all of the following except a. skin. b. mucous membranes. c. acids in the stomach. d. interleukin-1.

A

The capsid of a virus is the a. protective outer coat. b. cell membrane. c. nucleus. d. cell wall and membrane complex.

D

The challenges faced by early land plants included A conserving water. B reproducing on land. C absorbing minerals from the rocky surface. D All of the above

A

The cuticle A helps reduce the evaporation of fluids from a plant. B is a plant adaptation to an aquatic environment. C is a reproductive structure in some plants. D is crucial to plant cell nourishment.

D

The cytoplasm of bacteria A contains numerous types of organelles. B is divided into compartments. C has varying numbers of chromosomes, depending on the species of bacteria. D contains a single chromosome.

D

The debilitating effects of AIDS are due to inability of the immune system to a. activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. b. produce antibodies against pathogens. c. recognize and destroy infected cells. d. All of the above

D

The destruction of the ozone layer could cause an increase in a. global warming. b. acid precipitation. c. biological magnification. d. skin cancer.

B

The development of a seed into a seedling is referred to as A heterospory. B germination. C fertilization. D pollination.

A

The diploid form in a plant's life cycle is called the A sporophyte. B gametophyte. C parental generation. D alternate generation.

B

The dominant form of moss is the A sporophyte. B gametophyte. C rhizoid. D zygote.

B

Variation in genotype is caused by A mutations only. B recombination of genes as a result of sexual reproduction. C phenotypes changing more quickly than genotypes. D None of the above

C

The entrance to the uterus is called the a. vagina. b. vulva. c. cervix. d. diaphragm.

B

The extinction of species a. is a problem limited to the tropics. b. has been accelerated by the activities of people. c. is a problem only where topsoil and groundwater are limited. d. will not be a problem in the coming century.

C

The fallopian tubes a. secrete estrogen. b. produce eggs. c. extend from the ovaries to each side of the uterus. d. All of the above

B

The gamete produced by the female reproductive system is called a(n) a. sperm. b. ovum. c. ovary. d. follicle.

A

The greatest diversity and abundance of life in the ocean is found in a. the neritic zone. b. the pelagic zone. c. the oceanic zone. d. the intertidal zone.

B

The haploid form in a plant's life cycle is called the A sporophyte. B gametophyte. C parental generation. D alternate generation.

B

The heat-trapping effect of some gases in the atmosphere can be compared to a. the way snow melts on a sunny day. b. the way glass traps heat inside a greenhouse. c. the way water condenses on a glass of ice. d. the way a teakettle holds water on a stove.

A

The hypothesis that evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate is known as A gradualism. B slow motion. C natural selection. D adaptation.

C

The hypothesis that evolution occurs at an irregular rate through geologic time is known as A directional evolution. B directional equilibrium. C punctuated equilibrium. D punctuated evolution.

A

The kingdom defined as including any eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi is the kingdom A Protista. B Plantae. C Animalia. D Fungi.

C

The large, brightly colored tail feathers of the male peacock are valuable to him because A they attract potential predators. B they warn off potential competitors for mates. C they attract potential mates. D they attract people who provide them with food.

D

The loss of water by the leaves and stem of a plant is called A translocation. B osmosis. C active transport. D transpiration.

D

The major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of Species was that A species change over time and never compete with each other. B animals change, but plants remain the same over time. C species may change in small ways but cannot give rise to new species. D species change over time by natural selection.

C

The mature microspore of a seed plant is called a A microgametophyte. B sporophyte. C pollen grain. D sporangium.

D

The modern synthesis of evolutionary theory predicts that A closely related species will show similarities in DNA sequences. B if species have changed over time, their genes should have changed. C closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences. D All of the above

B

The movement of alleles into or out of a population due to migration is called A mutation. B gene flow. C nonrandom mating. D natural selection.

D

The movement of water through a plant is caused by A the attraction of water molecules for each other. B capillary action. C transpiration. D All of the above

D

The muscular structure in which the fetus develops is the a. vagina. b. fallopian tube. c. cervix. d. uterus.

B

The number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population is the A genotype frequency. B phenotype frequency. C Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. D allele frequency.

B

The number of trophic levels in an ecological energy pyramid A is limitless. B is limited by the amount of energy that is lost at each trophic level. C is impossible to count because energy is lost at each trophic level. D never exceeds three.

C

The occurrence of the same blood protein in a group of species provides evidence that these species A evolved in the same habitat. B evolved in different habitats. C descended from a common ancestor. D descended from different ancestors.

B

The organic material in an ecosystem is called A trophic level. B biomass. C energy. D productivity.

D

The outermost layer consisting of ground tissue in a stem is the A sapwood. B nodes. C pith. D cortex.

C

The plan for restoring Everglades National Park includes a. planting more melaleuca trees. b. building a dam to prevent further water loss from the area. c. restoring some of the water pathways to their previous, natural courses. d. building more drainage canals.

D

The primary distinguishing characteristics of all vascular plants are A xylem and phloem; true roots, stems, and leaves; pollen; seeds. B xylem and phloem; true roots, stems, and leaves; spores. C true roots, stems, and leaves; spores. D xylem and phloem; true roots, stems, and leaves.

C

The primary function of root hairs is A to strengthen roots as they grow downward. B to transport food up the stem. C to absorb water and minerals. D to store water.

C

The primary producers in a grassland ecosystem would most likely be A insects. B bacteria. C grasses. D algae.

C

The primary purpose of the fruit is A to provide nutrition for the seed. B to carry out photosynthesis. C to disperse seeds. D to permit cross-fertilization.

C

The process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment is known as A accommodation. B variation. C adaptation. D acclimation.

B

The process by which sperm leave the male's body is called a. secretion. b. ejaculation. c. diffusion. d. locomotion.

C

The process in which two or more species become more adapted over time to each other's presence is called A divergence. B radiation. C coevolution. D competition.

C

The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms is called A fertilization. B seed formation. C pollination. D asexual reproduction.

D

Vegetables that we eat come from various plant parts including A stems. B roots. C leaves. D All of the above

D

The red maple is also known as Acer rubrum. Its scientific name is A red maple. B Acer. C rubrum. D Acer rubrum.

B

The redness and swelling associated with an inflammatory response is caused by a. secretion of antibodies. b. expansion of local blood vessels. c. complement activity. d. natural killer cells destroying bacteria.

D

The relationship between a predator and its prey is best illustrated by a. a snake eating a bird. b. a fox eating a mouse. c. a lion eating a zebra. d. a zebra eating grass.

C

The relationship between flowering plants and the bees that pollinate them is an example of a. commensalism. b. competition. c. mutualism. d. parasitism.

D

The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called A seasonal variation. B daily activity. C nocturnal variation. D photoperiodism.

A

The ruptured follicle left in the ovary after ovulation develops into a a. corpus luteum. b. zygote. c. chorion. d. cervix.

B

The scientific name of an organism A varies according to the native language of scientists. B is the same for scientists all over the world. C may refer to more than one species. D may have more than one genus name.

D

The skin repels pathogens by a. functioning as a barrier. b. producing antibodies. c. using chemical defenses. d. Both a and c

A

The species of finches that Darwin observed differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin, all of these species probably A had a common ancestor. B had migrated from Africa. C had descended from similar birds in Africa. D ate the same diet.

A

The sporophyte generation in mosses produces spores by A meiosis. B mitosis. C sexual reproduction. D None of the above

C

The steps needed to solve environmental problems include a. waiting for the affected species to leave an ecosystem that is in trouble. b. leaving the problems for the next generation to address. c. educating the public about the problems and the costs of their solutions. d. taking any necessary action, regardless of the consequences or adverse effects.

C

The stomach is involved in defense against infection by a. regurgitating any pathogen that might be swallowed. b. secreting mucus that is carried away by cilia. c. containing acids that destroy potential pathogens that are swallowed. d. sending potential pathogens to the liver for destruction

C

The structure that exchanges substances between the mother and the fetus is called the a. yolk sac. b. fallopian tube. c. placenta. d. mature follicle.

D

The study of viruses is a part of biology because a. they belong to the kingdom Eubacteria. b. they are about to become extinct. c. they are living organisms. d. they are active inside living cells

A

The tallest trees in the world are species of A conifers. B dicots. C liverworts. D angiosperms.

C

The three domain system of classification is based on similarities and differences in ____, while the six-kingdom system is based on similarities and differences in ____. A DNA; DNA, fossils, embryological development, and physical features B DNA; embryological development, fossils, physical features, and RNA C ribosomal RNA; embryological development, fossils, physical features, and various molecular structures D physical features; embryological development, fossils, physical features, and various molecular structures

A

The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the A palisade layer. B cortex. C adventitious layer. D spongy mesophyll.

B

The type of selection that may eliminate intermediate phenotypes is A direction selection. B disruptive selection. C polygenic selection. D stabilizing selection.

B

Viruses a. are cellular organisms. b. reproduce only in living cells. c. have nuclei and organelles. d. are surrounded by a polysaccharide coat.

D

Viruses are classified according to a. whether they contain RNA or DNA. b. the shape of their genome. c. whether they have a membrane envelope. d. All of the above

D

Viruses are considered nonliving because a. they cannot reproduce by themselves. b. they are not made up of cells. c. they cannot carry out metabolism by themselves. d. All of the above

C

Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to cause their host cells to transcribe DNA from an RNA template are called a. bacteriophages. b. antibodies. c. retroviruses. d. capsoviruses.

D

The water-retaining ability of peat moss makes it ideal for A use in garden-soil mixes. B use in packing bulbs and flowers for shipping. C use in houseplant soils. D All of the above

A

The waxy protective covering of a land plant is called a A cuticle. B capsule. C rhizome. D stoma.

D

Tobacco mosaic virus a. is able to be crystallized. b. causes disease in tobacco plants. c. is smaller than a bacterium. d. All of the above

d

1. All the members of the Kingdom Animalia a. are heterotrophs. b. are multicellular. c. have cells without cell walls. d. All of the above

C

1. The earliest known group of living organisms on Earth was A viruses. B fungi. C bacteria. D protists.

A

1. Tissue that is specialized to cover the inner and outer surfaces of the internal organs is called a. epithelial tissue. b. connective tissue. c. muscle tissue. d. nervous tissue.

b

10. Cephalization a. is a feature of most invertebrates, including sponges. b. is characterized by the concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end. c. occurs in marine protozoa. d. results when the brain does not develop properly.

D

10. Degeneration of cartilage causes A menopause. B bone replacement. C bone fractures. D osteoarthritis.

A

11. The three types of muscles are A skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. B skeletal, voluntary, and cardiac. C smooth, cardiac, and involuntary. D skeletal, cardiac, and ridged.

a

11. Which of the following is found in vertebrates but not in invertebrates? a. a dorsal nerve cord b. coelom c. three germ layers d. bilateral symmetry

c

12. At some stage of their development, all chordates have a flexible rod of tissue along their back called the a. spinal cord. b. pharynx. c. notochord. d. None of the above

D

12. Smooth muscle can be found A attached to the skeleton. B in the wrist bones. C at the knee joint. D in internal organs.

D

13. Actin and myosin A are found in the sarcomeres. B are proteins. C interact during muscle contraction. D All of the above

d

13. Which of the following is not a vertebrate adaptation to life on land? a. lungs b. internal fertilization c. endoskeleton d. brain

C

14. Repeating units of myosin and actin filaments bound by two Z lines are A muscles. B myofibrils. C sarcomeres. D extensors.

c

14. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the largest phylum of invertebrates, the arthropods? a. segmentation b. exoskeleton c. closed circulatory system d. digestive tract

B

15. A muscle can A push a bone. B pull a bone. C both push and pull a bone simultaneously. D sometimes push and sometimes pull a bone.

b

15. In sponges, digestion occurs a. in a gut. b. in individual cells. c. in a central cavity with a single opening. d. outside of the animal's body.

c

16. During which of the following stages of animal development are the germ layers formed? a. fertilization b. cleavage c. gastrulation d. organ formation

A

16. Muscles that bend joints are categorized as A flexors. B origins. C extensors. D insertions.

D

17. Muscles exert force by A converting ADP and organic phosphate into ATP. B interfering with the forces of gravity and friction. C rapidly relaxing the muscle fibers. D pulling on surrounding tissues.

d

17. The acoelomate body type is exemplified by a. flatworms. b. roundworms. c. mollusks. d. annelids

D

18. The origin of a muscle A is at the opposite end of the muscle from the insertion. B is located on a bone that remains stationary when the muscle contracts. C does not move when the muscle contracts. D All of the above

c

18. Which of the following is an incorrect match? a. ectoderm—nervous system b. mesoderm—skeletal system c. endoderm—muscular system d. endoderm—digestive system

c

19. As an animal develops, the ectoderm becomes the a. heart. b. tissue that lines the body cavity. c. skin and nervous system. d. muscle tissue

C

19. flexors : bend :: A immovable joints : bend B slightly movable joints : be immovable C extensors : straighten D sutures : move a great deal

B

2. Bacteria and archaea are the only organisms characterized as A unicellular. B prokaryotic. C eukaryotic. D photosynthetic.

a

2. Specialized cells a. can carry out their tasks more effectively than cells that must do many tasks. b. are found only in chordates and echinoderms. c. always operate independently of all other cells. d. All of the above

A

2. Tightly connected cells that are arranged in flat sheets are characteristic of a. epithelial tissue. b. connective tissue. c. muscle tissue. d. nervous tissue.

D

20. The functions of the skin include A defense against microbes. B regulation of body temperature. C prevention of dehydration. D All of the above

b

20. Two deuterostome phyla are a. annelids and ctenophores. b. echinoderms and chordates c. arthropods and chordates. d. cnidarians and sponges

A

21. Energy reserves are stored in the skin as A fat cells. B nerve tissue. C keratin. D lymph vessels.

a

21. Refer to the illustration above. An organism with no body cavity is shown in diagram a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. None of the above

A

22. Keratin A is a protein. B fills dead cells in the dermis. C is a skin pigment. D All of the above

b

22. Refer to the illustration above. The organism shown in diagram 2 is a(n) a. acoelomate. b. pseudocoelomate. c. coelomate. d. vertebrate.

c

23. Refer to the illustration above. Humans have the type of body cavity shown in diagram a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. None of the above

B

23. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following structures is used to eliminate wastes and help regulate body temperature? A 9 (sweat glands) B 7 (pore) C 6 (oil gland) D 4 (epidermis)

B

24. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the structures in the diagram are composed mainly of dead cells? A 1 and 6 (dermis and sweat gland) B 2 and 8 (epidermis and hair) C 3 and 4 (oil gland and blood vessel) D None of the above

c

24. Which of the following is not a function of the body cavity? a. It provides a firm structure against which muscles can contract. b. It acts as a medium for the transport of nutrients and wastes. c. It gives rise to germ layers. d. It aids freedom of movement

a

25. A major difference between the development of invertebrates and that of vertebrates is that a. most invertebrates undergo indirect development, while most vertebrates undergo direct development. b. most vertebrates undergo indirect development, while most invertebrates undergo direct development. c. vertebrates have larvae, while invertebrates do not. d. invertebrates have yolked eggs, while vertebrates do not.

A

25. A skin disorder caused by blockage of oil glands is called A acne. B carcinoma. C osteoporosis. D psoriasis.

c

3. A group of similar cells organized into a functional unit is called a. a nervous system. b. a specialized cell. c. a tissue. d. an organ.

D

3. Bacteria can be classified according to their A type of cell walls. B methods of obtaining energy. C Gram-staining characteristics. D All of the above

C

3. The lungs are located in the A cranial cavity. B abdominal cavity. C thoracic cavity. D spinal cavity.

c

4. Animals probably evolved from a. plants. b. photosynthetic protists. c. heterotrophic protists. d. None of the above

B

4. Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton? A the backbone B the pelvis C the rib cage D the skull

b

5. Modern organisms that are thought to resemble the earliest animals are a. plants. b. colonial protists. c. unicellular protozoans. d. bacteria

D

5. Yellow bone marrow A provides internal support to spongy bone. B produces red blood cells. C is found only in lower vertebrates. D provides an energy reserve.

c

6. Many animals have a head that is located at the ____ end of their body and a tail that is located at the ____ end of their body. a. ventral; dorsal b. dorsal; ventral c. anterior; posterior d. posterior; anterior

B

6. Refer to the illustration above. Structure 4 is a A nerve. B blood vessel. C muscle. D ligament.

b

7. Refer to the illustration above(A butterfly and a Sea Anemone). Organism 1(Butterfly) a. has no symmetry. b. is bilaterally symmetrical. c. exhibits radial symmetry. d. has reverse symmetry

C

7. The heart and lungs are protected by the A pectoral girdle. B pelvic girdle. C rib cage. D periosteum.

d

8. Symmetrical phyla include all of the following except a. chordates. b. mollusks. c. arthropods. d. sponges.

B

8. human skeleton : internal organs :: A spoon : fork B construction worker's hard hat : construction worker's head C whisk broom : dust D turnstile : a ticket

C

9. Refer to the illustration above. Joint 4 would most likely be found in the A shoulder. B elbow. C knee. D wrist.

d

9. Which of the following displays radial symmetry? a. a flatworm b. an annelid c. a chordate d. a cnidarian

C

A beneficial relationship between a plant and a bacterium occurs when certain bacteria inhabit the roots of a plant and ____ that the plant can use. A absorb water B absorb minerals C fix nitrogen D fix carbon

A

A change in the frequency of a particular gene in one direction in a population is called A directional selection. B acquired variation. C chromosome drift. D stabilizing selection.

B

A farmer alternately grows corn and a legume crop in a single field. The farmer's reason for doing this is probably A to create a varied and more attractive landscape. B to allow the legumes to restore nitrogen to the soil that is depleted by the corn. C to satisfy the changing needs of the consuming public. D to get twice as much productivity out of a single piece of land.

D

A fertilized egg becomes an embryo a. in the ovary. b. during the third trimester of pregnancy. c. when fertilization occurs. d. when the fertilized egg divides.

D

A few B cells that have encountered a pathogen a. become killer T cells. b. are ingested by macrophages. c. have viral protein on their cell membrane surface. d. become memory cells.

D

A major limitation of the morphological concept of species is that A there may be a great deal of phenotypic variability in a species. B organisms that actually can interbreed may have very different physical characteristics. C it does not consider whether individuals of a species can mate and produce viable offspring. D All of the above

C

A misdirected immune system response against a harmless antigen is called a. an autoimmune disease. b. a secondary immune reaction. c. an allergic reaction. d. a vaccination reaction.

C

A pathogen is an agent that is A beneficial to humans. B harmful only to plants. C harmful to living organisms. D nearly extinct.

A

A tick feeding on a human is an example of a. parasitism. b. mutualism. c. competition. d. commensalism.

C

A typical virus consists of a. a protein coat and a cytoplasm core. b. a carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core. c. a protein coat and a nucleic acid core. d. a polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core.

C

A wide, slow moving stream with a muddy bottom would most likely have a. a steep gradient. b. fewer nutrients than a mountain stream. c. a low gradient. d. fewer nutrients than an oligotrophic lake.

C

According to Darwin, evolution occurs A only through artificial selection. B during half-life periods of 5,715 years. C because of natural selection. D so rapidly that it can be observed easily.

D

Actual proportions of homozygotes and heterozygotes can differ from Hardy-Weinberg predictions because of A the occurrence of mutations. B nonrandom mating among individuals. C genetic drift within the population. D All of the above

D

All of the following are habitats of archaea except A volcanic vents. B intestinal tract of cows. C salt lakes. D human skin.

C

All of the following developed in some vascular plants and are not present in any nonvascular plants except A pollen. B deep roots. C chlorophyll. D seeds.

C

All of the following foods come from fruits except A rice. B wheat. C spinach. D applesauce.

D

All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except A light. B gravity. C touch. D heat.

B

All of the following have mucous membranes except a. the digestive tract. b. the surface of the skin. c. the nasal passages. d. the vagina.

C

All organisms in an ecosystem are linked together in a network of interactions. This quality is called A geochemical processes. B isolation. C interdependence. D communication.

B

All vaccines are produced from killed or weakened a. phagocytes. b. pathogens. c. antigens. d. allergens.

D

All viruses have a. cytoplasm. b. ribosomes. c. mitochondria. d. None of the above

D

Alternation between a haploid stage and a diploid stage in a plant's life cycle is called A generational recycling. B periodic gametogenesis. C alternating forms. D alternation of generations.

C

An area that is in the early stages of secondary succession will typically contain a. perennial shrubs. b. rock lichens. c. annual grasses. d. evergreen trees.

D

An ecosystem consists of A a community of organisms. B energy. C the soil, water, and weather. D All of the above

A

An example of a plant and an animal that have evolved together is A a plant flower that resembles the female of an insect species. B an insect obtaining nectar from a flower. C an insect consuming leaves of a flowering plant. D an insect carrying pollen from one plant to another.

C

Two organisms in the same class but different orders A are in different kingdoms. B have the same genus name. C are in the same phylum. D are members of the same species.

D

Two organisms in the same order but different families may A be more similar than two organisms in different classes. B be in the same class. C have the same species identifier. D All of the above

A

An organism can have A one genus name and one species identifier. B one genus name and two species identifiers. C two scientific names if it is found on different continents. D two genus names but only one species identifier.

A

An organism that breaks down organic matter, which it then absorbs, is in the kingdom A Fungi. B Plantae. C Animalia. D Protista.

D

An organism's niche includes A what it eats. B where it eats. C when it eats. D All of the above

D

Anatomical structures that appear to be derived from a functional structure in an ancestor, but that currently do not serve an important function, are called A inorganic. B mutated. C fossilized. D vestigial.

D

Animal fossils may form when A an animal is buried by sediment. B an animal is buried on the ocean floor, in swamps, in mud, or in tar pits. C an animal's tissue is replaced by harder minerals. D All of the above

B

Animal viruses often infect only specific host cells because a. the virus must have the same DNA as the host cell. b. the host cell must have specific receptors for proteins on the virus surface. c. viruses have receptors for host cell glycoproteins. d. the enzymes of the virus can attach only to specific host cells.

D

Antibiotics A include penicillin and tetracycline. B may prevent bacteria from making new cell walls. C can be effective treatments for bacterial diseases. D All of the above

C

Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because a. host cells protect the viruses. b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics. c. antibiotics interfere with cellular processes that viruses do not perform. d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus.

C

Apical dominance A is caused by gibberellins in terminal buds. B stimulates terminal buds to elongate. C is the inhibition of lateral bud growth by the presence of a shoot tip. D results from gardeners cutting terminal buds in growing plants.

A

Approximately when did the cultivation of plants begin? A 11,000 years ago B 110,000 years ago C 1,100 years ago D 55,000 years ago

B

As a result of the discovery of the ozone hole, a. tall smokestacks were placed on power plants. b. the production of most chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was ended during the 1990s. c. most countries have agreed to reduce the amounts of carbon dioxide they produce. d. DDT was banned in Europe, the United States, and Canada in the 1970s.

B

Asexual reproduction is advantageous when A the environment is unstable. B plants are well adapted to their environment. C there are a variety of disease agents in the environment. D there is little competition between plants for resources.

B

Autotrophic eukaryotes and autotrophic prokaryotes differ in that some autotrophic prokaryotes A are decomposers. B can use the energy from inorganic chemicals. C have membrane-bound organelles. D cannot manufacture their own food.

A

Bacteria lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; therefore, they are classified as A prokaryotes. B aerobes. C anaerobes. D eukaryotes.

C

Bacterial cells A have a cell wall only. B have a cell membrane only. C have both a cell membrane and cell wall. D have a cell wall inside their cell membrane.

B

Bacterial endospores A occur where there is plenty of available food. B allow certain species to survive harsh environmental conditions. C are similar to human tumors. D can cause growth abnormalities in plants.

C

Bark contains A xylem and phloem. B sapwood. C phloem and cork cells. D mesophyll.

D

Biennial plants may be kept alive for several years by exposing them to A continuous long nights. B continuous short nights. C continuous cold temperatures. D continuous warm temperatures.

C

Biologists now know that viruses a. are the smallest organisms. b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid coat. c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein or lipid-protein coat. d. all form the same crystalline shape.

C

Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system of classification based on the examination of A embryos. B fossils. C ribosomal RNA. D organisms' physical features.

A

Cattle egrets are birds that mostly feed on insects that have been disturbed by grazing cattle. The cattle are neither helped nor harmed by the presence of the egrets. This relationship is an example of a. commensalism. b. competition. c. mutualism. d. parasitism.

C

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a problem because they a. corrode aerosol cans and release iron oxide into the atmosphere. b. are released by air conditioners into the groundwater. c. attack ozone molecules in the upper atmosphere. d. were once thought to be a hazard, but avoiding them now causes unnecessary expense for industry.

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere a. cause ozone to be broken down. b. change oxygen into ozone. c. convert sunlight into ozone. d. convert ozone into methane.

D

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were once used a. in plastic-foam manufacturing. b. as refrigerants. c. as aerosol propellants. d. All of the above

B

Cross-pollination A occurs only in gymnosperms. B tends to increase genetic variation. C occurs only in angiosperms. D causes the production of sporangia.

A

Cross-pollination is beneficial because it A produces new genetic variations. B is more efficient. C produces hybrids of two different species of seed-producing plants. D is much quicker than self-pollination.

B

Cytotoxic T cells recognize cells that have been infected by viruses a. only after the infected cells have been ingested by macrophages. b. because the infected cells have the pathogen's antigens on their surfaces. c. when the infected cells have been coated with complement. d. at the same time that neutrophils release their toxins into damaged tissue.

D

Darwin drew ideas for his theory from observations of organisms on A the Samoan Islands. B Manhattan Island. C the Hawaiian Islands. D the Galápagos Islands.

A

Darwin thought that the animals of the Galápagos Islands were similar to those of the nearby coast of South America because A the animals' ancestors had migrated from South America to the Galápagos Islands. B the animals had all been brought to the islands by humans. C the islands had slowly drifted away from the mainland. D the animals in both places had evolved in nearly identical environments

B

Directional selection tends to eliminate A both extremes in a range of phenotypes. B one extreme in a range of phenotypes. C intermediate phenotypes. D None of the above; it causes new phenotypes to form.

D

Double fertilization has great survival value because A two embryos are formed. B if one egg dies, the other can live. C it produces very large plants. D the embryo has its own temporary source of food.

D

During fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm fuses with an egg to form an embryo, and another fuses with two nuclei to form nutritive tissue. This event is called A self-pollination. B adaptation. C maximization. D double fertilization.

B

During implantation, a. the follicle matures. b. the embryo attaches itself to the uterine wall. c. the sperm reaches the egg. d. menstruation occurs.

B

During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots A become wider. B become longer. C maintain a constant number of cells. D undergo photoperiodism.

D

Ecological models are useful for all of the following purposes except A making predictions about future ecological changes. B testing predictions about future ecological changes. C evaluating proposed solutions to environmental problems. D accounting for all the variables that exist in a real environment.

A

Ecosystem disruption a. threatens the existence of thousands of species. b. increases biodiversity. c. protects natural habitats. d. has no effect on biodiversity.

A

Eggs are produced in the a. ovaries. b. fallopian tubes. c. uterus. d. vagina.

B

Embryonic cells are organized into the major organ systems a. during the sixth month of pregnancy. b. by the end of the first trimester. c. during the second trimester. d. just before birth.

D

Eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes differ primarily in the amount of ____ they contain. a. animal life b. algae c. salt d. organic matter

A

Evidence that evolution occurs includes all of the following except A acquired characteristics. B similarities and differences in proteins and DNA sequences between organisms. C the fossil record. D homologous structures among different organisms.

D

Fall coloration of leaves is caused by A the breakdown of chlorophyll without the production of new chlorophyll. B carotenoids and anthocyanins. C a photoperiodic response. D All of the above

D

Fern sporophytes consist of rhizomes and A flowers. B stems. C microgametophytes. D fronds.

B

Ferns A are found only in the tropics. B require water for fertilization to occur. C produce diploid spores. D have a dominant gametophyte generation.

D

Fertilization A involves the union of egg and sperm. B may not follow pollination at all. C may not occur until weeks or months after pollination has taken place. D All of the above

D

Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dicots according to their number of A leaves. B roots. C meristems. D cotyledons.

D (it's because it's the closest to the equator)

Following are the latitudes of four cities. Near which city would you predict to find the greatest number of wild species? a. Berlin, Germany (52°32´ N) b. Montreal, Canada (45°0´ N) c. Denver, Colorado (39°44´ N) d. Brisbane, Australia (27°30´ S)

A

Fruits of cereal plants are called A grains. B tubers. C legumes. D vegetables.

B

Gene flow describes the A movement of genes from one generation to the next. B movement of genes from one population to another. C exchange of genes during recombination. D movement of genes within a population because of interbreeding.

D

Generally, the closer an ecosystem is to the equator, a. the longer its growing season. b. the greater its species richness. c. the warmer its temperature. d. All of the above

D

HIV causes AIDS by a. converting a proto-oncogene to an oncogene. b. damaging a person's blood vessels. c. destroying the covering of a person's nerves. d. gradually destroying a person's immune system

A

Homologous structures in organisms provide evidence that the organisms A share a common ancestor. B must have lived at different times. C have a skeletal structure. D are now extinct.

D

How can human populations live in a sustainable way? a. by slowing or reversing human population growth b. by developing new technologies c. by reducing consumption of natural resources d. All of the above

D

Humans affect the carbon cycle by A burning fossil fuels. B destroying vegetation that absorbs carbon dioxide. C clearing forests. D All of the above

C

If a plant's flowers are very colorful and produce nectar, the plant is probably pollinated by A water. B wind. C insects. D self-pollination.

C

If no embryo arrives after the uterus has prepared to receive it, a. birth will occur later than the usual nine months. b. the lining of the uterus stays intact in preparation for another embryo. c. the lining of the uterus is expelled from the body. d. None of the above

C

In a food web, which type of organism receives energy from every other type? A producer B carnivore C decomposer D All of the above

C

In a woody stem, cork cambium A forms phloem. B forms xylem. C produces the outer bark. D becomes vascular cambium.

B

In an ecological energy pyramid, animals that feed on plants are at least in the A first trophic level. B second trophic level. C third trophic level. D fourth trophic level.

C

In going from one trophic level to the next higher level, A the number of organisms increases. B the amount of usable energy increases. C the amount of usable energy decreases. D None of the above

A

In his experiments with two species of paramecia, George F. Gause proved that two competitors cannot coexist on the same limited resources. This outcome demonstrated the principle of a. competitive exclusion. b. secondary succession. c. intraspecific competition. d. symbiosis.

D

In plants, haploid gametes are produced as a result of A fertilization. B meiosis. C encapsulation. D mitosis.

D

In the nitrogen cycle, plants use nitrates and nitrites to form A ammonia. B nitrogen gas. C fats. D proteins and nucleic acids.

D

In which language are scientific names written? A English B Greek C Arabic D Latin

C

In which of the following structures do mosses produce eggs? A antheridia B capsules C archegonia D cones

A

In which of the following ways are mature human sperm and eggs similar? a. They have the same number of chromosomes in their nuclei. b. They are the same size. c. They are both equipped with a flagellum to allow movement. d. They are both produced after ovulation.

B

Kingdoms are divided into phyla, and each phylum is divided into A families. B classes. C orders. D genera.

A

Large herds of grazing animals are most likely to be found in a a. savanna. b. tropical rain forest. c. temperate deciduous forest. d. desert.

C

Major ecosystems that occur over wide areas of land are called a. communities. b. habitats. c. biomes. d. food chains.

D

Mangrove swamp forests and salt marshes are examples of communities found in a. the aphotic zone. b. oligotrophic lakes. c. freshwater zones. d. estuaries.

C

Many plants respond to changes in day length because of A an electronic sensor in their leaves. B a specialized stoma that responds to changes in light and darkness. C a pigment that is sensitive to the amount of darkness. D translocation.

D

Menopause is when a. adult sex characteristics first appear. b. eggs are produced. c. menstruation begins. d. the ovaries stop releasing eggs.

C

Meristems can be found A only at the tips of roots. B only at the tips of stems. C at the tips of stems and roots. D None of the above

C

Monocots have A leaves with branching veins. B flower parts in multiples of four or five. C leaves with parallel veins. D two cotyledons.

D

Most multicellular, nucleated autotrophs that carry on photosynthesis belong to the kingdom A Animalia. B Eubacteria. C Fungi. D Plantae.

A

Most scientists believe that viruses first appeared on Earth ____ living cells appeared. a. after b. a very long time before c. at the exact time when d. immediately before

B

Most scientists think that early viruses originated from a. other viruses. b. existing cell parts. c. animals. d. spontaneous generation.

D

Mucous membranes a. are moist epithelial layers that are impermeable to most pathogens. b. line the nasal passages, mouth, lungs, digestive tract, urethra, and vagina. c. contain glands that secrete mucus, a sticky fluid that traps pathogens. d. All of the above

B

Mycorrhizae are A symbiotic associations between the roots of a plant and a bacterium. B symbiotic associations between the roots of a plant and a fungus. C symbiotic associations between the stems and leaves of a plant and a bacterium. D associations between the roots of a plant and a fungus in which the fungus benefits but the plant neither receives a benefit nor is harmed.

C

Natural selection acts A on heterozygous genotypes. B only on recessive alleles. C on phenotypes that are expressed. D on all mutations.

A

Natural selection could not occur without A genetic variation in species. B stable environments. C competition for unlimited resources. D gradual warming of the Earth.

B

Natural selection is the process by which A the age of selected fossils is calculated. B organisms with traits well suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than organisms less suited to the same environment. C acquired traits are passed on from one generation to the next. D All of the above

D

Nearly all single-celled eukaryotes that are either heterotrophic or photosynthetic belong to the kingdom A Animalia. B Fungi. C Plantae. D Protista.

B

Once the food stored in a bean's cotyledons is used up, A the cotyledons begin photosynthesizing. B the cotyledons shrivel up and fall off. C the cotyledons become leaves. D new endosperm is produced.

B

One difference between human body cells and bacterial cells is that bacterial cells have A an outer cell wall made up of phosphates. B a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan. C no DNA. D no ribosomes.

D

One thing that E. coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes is the presence of A chloroplasts. B mitochondria. C nuclei. D DNA.

D

Organisms in different genera A may share the second word of their scientific names. B may be in the same family. C may be in different orders. D All of the above

C

Organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for an ecosystem are called A consumers. B predators. C producers. D omnivores.

D

Organisms with light producing body parts would most likely be found in a. estuaries. b. shallow ocean waters. c. the intertidal zone. d. the aphotic zone.

A

Over millions of years, plants and their pollinators have A coevolved. B crossbred. C become parasites. D become competitive.

C

Ozone in the upper atmosphere a. leads to formation of acid precipitation. b. combines readily with water vapor. c. absorbs harmful radiation from the sun. d. All of the above

D

Parasites a. coevolve with their hosts. b. are usually smaller than their hosts. c. rarely kill their hosts. d. All of the above

D

People have damaged natural plant populations by introducing A foreign plant species that become noxious weeds. B diseases that kill native plants. C animals that consume native plants. D All of the above

D

Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules they need. This process REQUIRES THE USE of all of the following EXCEPT A carbon dioxide. B water. C light. D glucose.

D

Phylogenetic trees depict A known evolutionary relationships between organisms. B presumed evolutionary relationships based on physical features only. C only living organisms. D presumed evolutionary relationships based on a variety of types of evidence.

B

Pines, spruces, and firs are A angiosperms. B gymnosperms. C flowering plants. D sometimes nonvascular.

C

Plankton are a. attached to the ocean bottom. b. found only in the deep water zone of most lakes and oceans. c. consumed by many aquatic animals. d. the top predators in many ecosystems.

D

Plant ecology is the study of the interaction between plants and A animals. B microorganisms and animals. C bacteria, fungi, and animals. D the environment.

B

Plant movements that occur in response to touch and are independent of the direction of the stimulus are called A phototropic movements. B thigmonastic movements. C nyctinastic movements. D chemotropic movements.

D

Plants used to make fibers for clothing include A tannin. B cotton. C flax. D Both b and c

D

Poison ivy is also known as Rhus toxicodendron. Its species identifier is A poison. B Rhus. C ivy. D toxicodendron.

B

Precipitation and evaporation are important components of the A nitrogen cycle. B water cycle. C carbon cycle. D All of the above

A

Primary succession : areas of no previous plant growth :: a. secondary succession : abandoned farm fields b. rain forest : a desert c. farm field : a desert d. secondary succession : bare rock

D

Production of sperm is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which are produced by a. the testes. b. the hypothalamus. c. the bulbourethral gland. d. the pituitary gland.

C

Prokaryotes can transfer pieces of genetic material in a process called A binary fission. B mitosis. C conjugation. D sexual reproduction.

C

Quercus rubra : Quercus phellos :: A Anolis carolinensis : Parus carolinensis B Erithacus rubicula : Turdus migratoria C Aphis pomi : Aphis gossypii D carp : goldfish

A

RR : homozygous dominant :: A Rr : heterozygous B rr : heterozygous recessive C Yy : homozygous D yy : heterozygous dominant

B

Refer to the chart above. The relationship described in line 2 in the table is called Line 2: One organism benefits, and the other organism neither benefits nor suffers harm a. parasitism. b. commensalism. c. mutualism. d. predation.

B

Refer to the illustration above. (1 is a carrot, 2 are beans in a pod soybean lima bean etc., 3 is a corn) The plant that is highest in protein content is plant A 1. B 2. C 3. D None of them; all plants are high in carbohydrates but very low in protein.

B

Refer to the illustration above. (1 is a carrot, 2 are beans in a pod soybean lima bean etc., 3 is a corn) Which plant would contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria? A 1 B 2 C 3 D None of them would contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

B

Refer to the illustration above. A branching diagram like the one shown is called a A phenetic tree. B cladogram. C family tree. D homology.

D

Refer to the illustration above. Among all of the food chains, the organisms at the highest trophic level are A the algae. B the crabeater seals. C the krill. D the killer whales.

C

Refer to the illustration above. An analysis of DNA from these organisms would indicate that A they have identical DNA. B they all have the same number of bones. C their nucleotide sequences show many similarities. D they all have the same number of chromosomes.

C

Refer to the illustration above. An ecosystem located along the equator would probably a. have a shorter growing season than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude. b. contain fewer species than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude. c. have higher species richness than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude. d. have less rainfall than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude.

A

Refer to the illustration above. At each trophic level, the energy stored in the organisms in that level is A about 10 percent of the energy in the level below it. B about 10 percent of the energy in the level above it. C about 50 percent of the energy in the level below it. D about 50 percent of the energy in the level above it.

A

Refer to the illustration above. At which point in the life cycle does fertilization take place? (the diagram on the test will be upside down, the answer is A, but remember how the diagram looks) A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

B

Refer to the illustration above. Because the two species of barnacles attempt to use the same resources, they are a. in a parasitic relationship. b. in competition with one another. c. in a mutualistic relationship. d. in symbiosis with one another.

C

Refer to the illustration above. Each particular feature, such as dry skin, that is used to assign an organism to a group is called a(n) A special character. B analogous character. C derived character. D homologous character.

A

Refer to the illustration above. Eggs mature in the structure labeled a. "1." b. "6." c. "4." d. "5."

C

Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, the plant growth hormones that diffused into the agar block from the tip of the seedling are called A meristems. B gibberellins. C auxins. D herbicides.

B

Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, the tissue labeled "2," which CONDUCTS WATER and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called A meristem. B xylem. C phloem. D ground tissue.

C

Refer to the illustration above. On the pyramid, animals that feed on plant eaters are no lower than A level 1. B level 2. C level 3. D level 4.

C

Refer to the illustration above. Plant growth hormones caused the stem in diagram 3 to bend by A exerting a cohesive force on the stem. B causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate on one side than on the other. C causing cells to elongate on one side more than on the other. D making translocation occur.

C

Refer to the illustration above. Sperm are produced in the structure labeled a. "1." b. "3." c. "5." d. "6."

D

Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 (the large part of the tube that is not the sieve plate) is a A tracheid. B companion cell. C vessel element. D sieve tube member.

B

Refer to the illustration above. Structure 3 (cell surrounding the nucleus) is a A tracheid. B companion cell. C vessel element. D sieve tube member.

B

Refer to the illustration above. Structure 5 A supports the anther. B produces pollen. C has tiny structures that look like leaves. D develops into a fruit.

C

Refer to the illustration above. The bones labeled "X" (the bone in each structure that is similar to the others) can be referred to as A vestigial structures. B sequential structures. C homologous structures. D fossil structures.

B

Refer to the illustration above. The most likely reason for Response II being greater than Response I is that a. more bacteria entered at point 2 than at point 1. b. memory cells were produced during Response I. c. antibodies from Response I still remained in the blood. d. macrophages increased their production of antibodies.

A

Refer to the illustration above. The photosynthetic algae are A producers. B consumers. C parasites. D decomposers.

C

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in diagram 1 is The ant keeps predators away from the acacia tree. Ant<------------------------------------------->Acacia The acacia provides shelter and food for the ant. a. commensalism. b. competition. c. mutualism. d. parasitism.

B

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in diagram 2 is The cow eats grass. Cow<------------------------------------------>Sheep The sheep eats the same grass. a. commensalism. b. competition. c. mutualism. d. parasitism.

D

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in diagram 4 is Tapeworm<------------------------------------->Dog The dog provides nutrients and shelter for the tapeworm living inside its intestines a. commensalism. b. competition. c. mutualism. d. parasitism.

B

Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by organism 3 is called (1 is round, 2 is rod shaped, 3 is spiral shaped) A coccus. B spirillum. C bacillus. D filamentous.

A

Refer to the illustration above. The similarity of these structures is one form of evidence that the organisms A share a common ancestor. B all grow at different rates. C evolved instantaneously. D live for a long time.

D

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled "1" is a. a follicle. b. a corpus luteum. c. the uterus. d. an ovary.

C

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled "2" is a. a sperm cell. b. a follicle. c. an egg cell. d. the cervix.

C

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled "3" is a. a fallopian tube. b. the urethra. c. the uterus. d. a ureter.

B

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled "3" is a. an immature follicle. b. a corpus luteum. c. a blastocyst. d. an immature egg.

D

Refer to the illustration above. The structure that connects the epididymis to the urethra is labeled a. "1." b. "6." c. "7." d. "2."

D

Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled "1" in the diagram (between the dermal and vascular tissue) is called A meristem. B xylem. C phloem. D ground tissue.

D

Refer to the illustration above. The tube that carries urine during excretion and semen during ejaculation is labeled a. "1." b. "6." c. "2." d. "4."

C

Refer to the illustration above. The vein is made up of A only xylem vessels. B only phloem vessels. C both xylem and phloem vessels. D neither xylem nor phloem vessels.

C

Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a doubly compound leaf? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

B

Refer to the illustration above. Which of the organisms shown has the shape called bacillus? (1 is round, 2 is rod shaped, 3 is spiral shaped) A organism 1 B organism 2 C organism 3 D None of the above

C

Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant exhibits negative gravitropism? (1 is roots, 2 is seed on ground, 3 is straight stem up from ground, 4 is stem stretching to light) A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

D

Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant exhibits positive phototropism? (1 is roots, 2 is seed on ground, 3 is straight stem, 4 is stem stretching to light) A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

D

Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of one cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a neighboring cell? (It's D, I couldn't find a good picture, sorry) A 1 B 3 C 4 D 5

B

Refer to the illustration above. Which structure could possibly be made of RNA? a. structure 2 (base plate) b. structure 3 (nucleic acid inside head) c. structure 4 (tail fibres) d. structure 5 (outer covering of head)

A

Refer to the illustration above. Which structure is found outside the cell after the cell is infected? a. structure 1 b. structure 2 c. structure 3 d. structure 4

C

Refer to the illustration above. Which time period would be characterized by the most rapid division of B cells? a. A b. B c. C d. None of the above

C

Refer to the table above. Biome 1 is best described as Average Yearly Temperature Range & Vegetation 1: -10°C-14°C Needle-leaved evergreen trees 2: 0°C-25°C Tall grasses in moist areas, short grasses in drier areas 3: 24°C-34°C Succulent plants, scattered grasses 4:25°C-27°C Broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs 5: 10°C-20°C a. temperate deciduous forest. b. tropical rain forest. c. taiga. d. tundra.

B

Refer to the table above. Which biome probably has the lowest average yearly precipitation? Biome Average Yearly Temperature Range & Vegetation 1: -10°C-14°C Needle-leaved evergreen trees 2: 0°C-25°C Tall grasses in moist areas, short grasses in drier areas 3: 24°C-34°C Succulent plants, scattered grasses 4:25°C-27°C Broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs 5: 10°C-20°C Giant needle-leaved evergreen trees a. Biome 2 b. Biome 3 c. Biome 4 d. Biome 5

C

Removing a flower's stigma would initially affect A fertilization. B seed production. C pollination. D seed dispersal.

B

Reproductive isolation differs from geographic isolation in that A reproductive isolation only occurs after fertilization, whereas geographic isolation occurs before fertilization. B members of the same species are not physically separated in reproductive isolation, whereas they are separated in geographic isolation. C geographic isolation never leads to speciation, whereas reproductive isolation sometimes does. D members of two species in which reproductive isolation occurs never try to interbreed, whereas geographically isolated ones do.

C

Water and minerals needed by all organisms on Earth pass back and forth between the biotic and abiotic portions of the environment in a process called A a trophic cycle. B a trophic pathway. C a biogeochemical cycle. D a biochemical pathway.

A

What are the most productive freshwater ecosystems? a. freshwater wetlands b. oligotrophic lakes c. mountain streams d. eutrophic lakes

D

What function do the fruits produced by angiosperms perform? A They provide food for humans and other animals. B They protect the seeds. C They disperse the seeds. D All of the above

C

What is the idea developed by Charles Lyell which states that the geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past continue to operate in the same way today? A inheritance of acquired characteristics B catastrophism C uniformitarianism D descent with modification

C

What type of population is most susceptible to loss of genetic variability as a result of genetic drift? A large populations B medium-sized populations C small populations D populations that fluctuate in size

A

What type of speciation occurs when new species arise as a result of geographic isolation? A allopatric speciation B prezygotic speciation C sympatric speciation D postzygotic speciation

B

When B cells encounter a pathogen, they a. secrete interleukin-2, which stimulates cytotoxic T cells. b. divide and produce large amounts of antibody. c. initiate an inflammatory response. d. attack the cell by making a hole in its membrane.

C

When Darwin published his first book about evolution, he included all of the following ideas except A the idea that species change slowly over time. B the idea that some organisms reproduce at a greater rate than others. C the idea that species are permanent and unchanging. D the idea that some species become better suited to their environment than others.

C

When settlers arrived in New England, many forests were turned into agricultural fields. Eventually, some fields were abandoned and then grew back into forests. This is best described as a. primary succession. b. coevolution. c. secondary succession. d. niche realization.

D

When tested with a Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria are stained A green. B yellow. C pink. D purple.

D

When the inflammatory response is triggered, a. damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals. b. more fluid than normal leaks from capillaries near the injury, and swelling results. c. white blood cells attack invading pathogens. d. All of the above

C

When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of A phototropism. B gravitropism. C thigmotropism. D chance.

C

Which of the following animals would most likely live in a temperate deciduous forest? a. monkeys b. caribou c. deer d. leopards

D

Which of the following are examples of fossils? A shells or old bones B any traces of dead organisms C insects trapped in tree sap D All of the above

B

Which of the following are used by at least some bacteria for movement? A pili B flagella C cytoplasmic projections D All of the above

A

Which of the following associations between a plant cell type and its characteristics is incorrect? A collenchyma cell—thin cell walls; do not occur in groups B parenchyma cell—cube-shaped or elongated; large vacuole C sclerenchyma cell—thick, rigid cell walls D All of the above are correct.

D

Which of the following associations between an agricultural practice and its description is incorrect? A use of pesticides—control of insects and microorganisms B use of fertilizers—supplementation with mineral nutrients C use of irrigation—supplementation with water D use of cultivars—harvesting the highest yielding or highest quality plants

A

Which of the following biomes is characterized by evergreen trees that are adapted to long winters, short summers, and nutrient poor soil? a. taiga b. tropical forest c. temperate forest d. tundra

D

Which of the following comparisons is incorrect? PROKARYOTESEUKARYOTES A smallerlarger B circular chromosomeslinear chromosomes C binary fissionmitosis D chloroplastsmitochondria

D

Which of the following conditions can cause evolution to take place? A genetic drift B migration C nonrandom mating D All of the above

D

Which of the following conditions is required for Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium? A No mutations occur. B The population is infinitely large. C Individuals neither leave nor enter the population. D All of the above are required.

D

Which of the following conditions would be unsuitable for any kind of bacteria to grow? A temperature of 110ºC (230ºF) B absence of oxygen C pH of 5 D None of the above

C

Which of the following contains only RNA? a. a prion b. a virus c. a viroid d. All of the above

C

Which of the following describes a population? A dogs and cats living in Austin, Texas B four species of fish living in a pond C dogwood trees in Middletown, Connecticut D roses and tulips in a garden

D

Which of the following does not occur as a result of changes in turgor pressure? A closing of a leaf trap on a Venus' flytrap plant B folding of Mimosa leaves C folding of prayer plant leaves D twining of ivy plants around an object

D

Which of the following enables seeds to germinate? A exposure to temperature changes B seed coat damage C penetration of water and oxygen through the seed coat D All of the above

C

Which of the following engulfs foreign cells? a. a helper T cell b. a B cell c. a macrophage d. an antibody

C

Which of the following foods is not a fermentation product of bacteria? A sour cream B a pickle C milk D yogurt

B

Which of the following groups includes the greatest number of species? a. mammals b. insects c. plants d. vertebrates

D

Which of the following has been the most successful at fighting viral diseases? a. vaccination b. vector control c. drug therapy d. Both a and b

C

Which of the following hormones normally exist(s) in a gaseous state? A auxins B cytokinins C ethylene D gibberellins

C

Which of the following hormones promote(s) cell division in plants? A abscisic acid B gibberellins C cytokinins D auxins

C

Which of the following human activities is most closely associated with the emergence of viruses not previously seen in humans? a. absence of a vaccination program b. crowded living conditions c. clearing of forests for housing d. eating uncooked meat

D

Which of the following is (are) a nonspecific defense against pathogens? a. B cells b. antibodies c. helper T cells d. the inflammatory response

D

Which of the following is (are) not part of the immune system? a. lymph nodes b. spleen c. thymus d. alveoli

B

Which of the following is (are) used to create ornamental trees? A cytokinins B auxins C ethylene D gibberellins

D

Which of the following is a benefit of biodiversity to humans? a. food b. timber c. medicines d. All of the above

C

Which of the following is a reason why mosses are good pioneer plants? A They can survive in very wet areas. B They can survive in areas that receive only low levels of sunlight. C They can create a layer of soil on bare rock. D They grow very slowly.

A

Which of the following is a result of an application of a synthetic auxin to improve crop production? A formation of new roots on stem and leaf cuttings B faster ripening of fruits C smaller fruit size D formation of new buds in tissue culture

C

Which of the following is an example of mimicry? a. a poisonous species that looks frightening b. coloration that causes an animal to blend in with its habitat c. a harmless species that resembles a poisonous species d. similarly colored body parts on two poisonous species

C

Which of the following is an example of postzygotic isolation? A A mating call is not recognized by a potential mate. B Mating times of potential mates differ. C Offspring of two individuals of interbreeding species die early. D None of the above

A

Which of the following is characteristic of all seed plants? A a seed containing an embryo, a nutrient supply, and a protective coat B enclosure and protection of seeds within a fruit C production of flowers D All of the above

D

Which of the following is characteristic of the photic zone of the ocean but not the aphotic zone? a. fish b. tides c. bacteria d. photosynthesis

D

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a stable community? a. resistance to outbreaks of insect pests b. the ability to recover rapidly from a drought c. a high species richness d. the absence of disturbances

D

Which of the following is not a form of prezygotic isolation? A different months of flowering of two wildflower species B species-specific recognition proteins on the surfaces of egg and sperm cells C different courtship rituals of different species D the formation of a sterile hybrid between two species

D

Which of the following is not a nonvascular plant? A moss B liverwort C hornwort D fern

C

Which of the following is not a phytochrome-mediated response? A flowering B bud dormancy C vernalization D seed germination

C

Which of the following is not a seed plant? A a flowering plant B a pine tree C a fern D a ginkgo

C

Which of the following is not a vector of viral diseases? a. mosquitoes b. ticks c. prions d. humans

D

Which of the following is not a viral disease of humans? a. hepatitis b. SARS c. shingles d. All of the above are viral diseases of humans.

A

Which of the following is not a way of preventing a foodborne illness at home? A washing kitchen utensils thoroughly in cold water B keeping cooked and raw foods separate during storage C washing fresh fruits and vegetables before eating them D refrigerating leftovers promptly

B

Which of the following is not an adaptation for water conservation found in desert organisms? a. nocturnal lifestyle b. leaves growing on the branches of tall trees c. waxy leaf coatings d. burrowing in the ground

A

Which of the following is not an way that organisms deal with unfavorable environmental conditions? A interdependence B body temperature regulation C dormancy D migration

A

Which of the following is not characteristic of all nonvascular plants? A They produce seeds. B They have a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations. C They produce spores. D They require water for sexual reproduction.

C

Which of the following is not characteristic of fibrous roots? A many branch roots B shallow roots C dominant primary root D possible development from the base of the stem

A

Which of the following is not linked to cancer? a. Ebola virus b. human papillomavirus c. hepatitis B virus d. Epstein-Barr virus

D

Which of the following is not made from plant products? A cork B cotton C rubber D leather

D

Which of the following is not part of the nitrogen cycle? A conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable organic compounds by bacteria B conversion of nitrogen from decaying organisms into ammonia C nitrogen fixation D nitrogen evaporation

C

Which of the following is the final step in using Koch's postulates to demonstrate that a particular agent causes a disease? a. A healthy animal inoculated with the disease agent contracts the disease. b. The disease agent is found in animals that have the disease but not in animals that are free of the disease. c. An animal infected by injecting the suspected disease agent from an animal with the disease is found to also have the disease agent in its tissues, because a pathogen cultured from the second animal is found to be the same as the pathogen cultured from the first. d. The disease agent is collected from a sick animal and cultured in the laboratory.

D

Which of the following is the least inclusive classification group? A class B genus C phylum D species

D

Which of the following is true about the release of histamine from cells in nasal passages? a. It occurs during an allergic reaction. b. It causes nearby capillaries to swell. c. It may cause increased secretion by mucous membranes. d. All of the above

D

Which of the following is true about the release of histamine from cells in the nasal passages? a. It occurs during an allergic reaction. b. It causes nearby capillaries to swell. c. It may cause increased secretion by mucous membranes. d. All of the above

D

Which of the following might be found in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell? A chloroplasts B Golgi apparatus C mitochondria D None of the above

A

Which of the following occurs in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms? A double fertilization B pollen C swimming sperm D megaspores and microspores

C

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly associated? a. cytotoxic T cells—attack and kill infected cells b. helper T cells—activate killer T cells and B cells c. B cells—engulf cells that are infected with microbes d. macrophages—consume pathogens and infected cells

C

Which of the following plant products can be harmful if eaten? A oregano B gum arabic C holly berries D artichokes

C

Which of the following processes harnesses energy for organisms living near deep sea vents? a. photosynthesis b. heterotrophy c. chemosynthesis d. respiration

B

Which of the following processes is not primarily caused by humans? a. air pollution b. the greenhouse effect c. thinning of the ozone layer d. increased carbon dioxide levels

D

Which of the following scientists developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a genus and species name? A Leakey B Aristotle C Darwin D Linnaeus

D

Which of the following statements about moss spores is not true? A They are produced by the sporophyte. B They are dispersed and then germinate. C They are produced in a capsule. D They are diploid.

C

Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for the disruption of ecosystems by pollutants? a. Pollutants differ chemically from naturally occurring substances. b. Only humans have uses for pollutant chemicals. c. Chemicals can undergo biological magnification and become highly concentrated in certain organisms. d. All pollutants are chemicals that can never be broken down, so they accumulate in ecosystems.

C

Which of the following types of meristems is found in some monocots above the bases of leaves and stems? A apical meristems B vascular cambium C intercalary meristems D cork cambium

B

Which of the following types of plants are homosporous? A mosses only B mosses and ferns C mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms D mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

D

Which of the following usually results when members of different species require the same food and space? a. primary succession b. primary competition c. secondary succession d. interspecific competition

D

Which of the following was not a consideration for Carolus Linnaeus when he developed his system of nomenclature of organisms? A It should include detailed descriptions of an organism in its name. B It should assign each organism a unique name. C It should assign names using a language that can be recognized worldwide. D It should enable scientists to classify organisms according to their presumed evolutionary relationships to other organisms.

A

Which of the following was originally thought to perform a function now believed to be performed mainly by ethylene? A abscisic acid B ethephon C synthetic auxin D Agent Orange

C

Which of the following would not be included in a description of an organism's niche? A its trophic level B the humidity and temperature it prefers C its number of chromosomes D when it reproduces

B

analogous features : convergent evolution :: A two members of the same genus : same species B cladogram : evolutionary relationships C common names : universal identification D cladograms : exact, direct information

B

burning of fossil fuels : atmospheric carbon dioxide :: a. greenhouse effect : CFCs b. atmospheric carbon dioxide : global warming c. ground level ozone : carbon dioxide d. ozone : global warming

D

commensalism : one organism :: a. parasitism : both organisms b. predation : neither organism c. mutualism : one organism d. mutualism : both organisms

B

cows : herbivores :: A horses : carnivores B plants : producers C algae : consumers D caterpillars : producers

C

estuaries : young fish :: a. oceanic zone : sea stars b. intertidal zone : large fish c. neritic zone : coral reefs d. benthic zone : plankton

A

guard cells : stomata :: A can openers : cans B hammers : nails C cushions : rocking chairs D trout : stream

D

gymnosperms : naked seeds :: A pollen : mosses B ferns : seeds C liverwort : vascular tissue D angiosperms : enclosed seeds

D

leaves : carbon dioxide from the air :: A leaves : water from the air B roots : light from the air C roots : carbon dioxide from the air D roots : nutrients from the soil

C

liverworts, hornworts, mosses : nonvascular plants :: A gymnosperms, angiosperms : bryophytes B ferns : mosses C gymnosperms, angiosperms : vascular plants D bryophytes, liverworts : vascular plants

A

nonrandom mating : increasing proportion of homozygotes :: A migration of individuals : gene flow B mutation : major change in allele frequencies C Hardy-Weinberg equation : natural selection D inbreeding : frequency of alleles

C

ovary : egg production :: a. seminal vesicle : sperm production b. female reproductive system : sperm production c. testes : sperm production d. ovary : fertilization

D

pathogenic bacteria and viruses : enemies of humans :: a. B cells and T cells : mucous membrane cells b. helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells : skin cells c. cytotoxic T cells and macrophages : pathogens d. cytotoxic T cells and B cells : white blood cells

B

phototrophic bacteria : sunlight :: A chemotrophic bacteria : dead organisms B chemoautotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules C photosynthesis : nitrification D heterotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules

C

recessive allele frequency : dominant allele frequency :: 0.02 : A 0.01 B 0.04 C 0.98 D 1.0

B

rice and corn : cereal grains :: A beets and wheat : leaves B carrots and cassava : roots C turnips and radishes : stems D wheat and corn : roots

D

salicin : white willow :: A cortisone : foxglove B digitalis : willow trees C quinine : sweet potatoes D taxol : yew trees

B

sporophytes : spores :: A sporophytes : gametophytes B gametophytes : gametes C gametophytes : spores D sporophytes : gametes

D

stems : negative gravitropism :: A light stimulations : gravitropism B gravity movements : phototropism C stems : negative phototropism D roots : positive gravitropism

D

vascular tissue : transport of fluids :: A epidermis : support B dermal tissue : storage C dermal tissue : transport of fluids D ground tissue : metabolism