Biology Final
Which process occurs when a salamander regenerates a lost limb?
Certain cells in the limb dedifferentiate, divide, and then redifferentiate to form a new limb.
Which of the following statements regarding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is false?
Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis.
In the diagram below, the two blue strands represent _____.
DNA
The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____.
DNA
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?
DNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil.
Which of the following techniques reveals differences in the number of tandem repeats among individuals?
DNA fingerprinting
What did Rosalind Franklin's famous photo 51 show?
DNA is a helix.
Early, flawed DNA models proposed by Watson and Crick and by Linus Pauling correctly described which property of DNA?
DNA is composed of sugars, phosphates, and bases.
Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?
DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded.
The Hershey-Chase experiment proved that
DNA is the hereditary material that transmits genetic information.
Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?
DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand. Submit
The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is
DNA ligase.
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
In the figure above, step "c," the enzymes that adds nucleotides to the chain is (it also proofreads the chain)
DNA polymerase.
Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA?
DNA polymerases
Which statement about genomics is false?
DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes.
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?
DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil.
Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a protein?
DNA>RNA>protein
Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes?
Dd and Dd
Which of the following do you think contributed the most to the success of Rhys' gene therapy?
Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells. Submit
Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is false?
Down syndrome is least likely to be seen in the infants of mothers over 40.
Which of these DNA molecules is the shortest?
E
Two normal parents have three normal children: one son and two daughters. Their son and one of their daughters marry and also have normal children. Their second daughter, Mary, marries a man with a rare, recessive blood disorder. They have two children, and both children develop the blood disorder. What must be true of the genotypes of Mary's parents?
Either one of her parents or both of her parents were heterozygous for the trait.
Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is false?
Mitosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
How have Mendel's laws fared as we have learned more about cell biology and processes such as meiosis?
Our new knowledge has helped to explain some of the exceptions to Mendel's laws of inheritance.
If a person who commits a crime leaves even the smallest speck of their blood, hair, or other organic matter, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify the person as the perpetrator of the crime.
PCR
In plants, most differentiated cells retain
a complete set of their genes and retain the ability to express those genes under certain circumstances.
Tay-Sachs disease runs in Rebecca's family. On a family pedigree, she saw a shaded circle. This represented _____.
a female with Tay-Sachs
Huntington's disease is an example of a genetic disorder caused by __________.
a late-acting lethal dominant allele
Consider the photograph of a karyotype. This is _____.
a photograph of all a person's chromosomes
This video explained the CRISPR-Cas9 system. What is Cas9?
a protein that cuts DNA at specific sequences
If you are a male, the Law of Independent Assortment indicates that your gametes contain _____.
a random mix of the chromosomes you inherited from each parent
Which is a transgenic organism?
a rat that has had rabbit hemoglobin genes added to its genome
An enzyme that "cuts" DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotide bases is called __________.
a restriction enzyme
Scientists who wish to clone genes of interest into bacterial plasmids utilize __________, which cuts the target and vector DNA at specific sites. Then __________ is used to form covalent bonds between the resulting fragments to complete the recombinant DNA molecule.
a restriction enzyme; DNA ligase
An anticodon is __________.
a set of triplet bases on a tRNA that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA
Which pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?
a very close match in the DNA profile
What is happening in this stage of meiosis? *The homologous chromosome pairs are exchanging genetic material*
crossing over
A cleavage furrow forms in an animal cell during _____.
cytokinesis
The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called
cytokinesis
At the start of mitotic anaphase,
daugher chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
The cloning of Dolly the sheep
demonstrated that the nuclei from differentiated mammalian cells can retain their full genetic potential.
Which of the following sugar is found in DNA?
deoxyribose
Theoretically, which of the following diseases should be the easiest to treat through gene therapy, considering the targeted organs and tissues where the corrected gene must be delivered?
diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas Submit
Cells become specialized by a process known as _____.
differentiation
A cross between two individuals with black eyes and green skin which results in an individual with orange eyes and white skin is an example of a _____ cross.
dihybrid
Meiosis starts with _____ cells and produces _____ gametes.
diploid ... haploid
Mitosis creates ___________ and meiosis creates __________.
diploid somatic cells; haploid gametes
A benign tumor differs from a malignant tumor in that a benign tumor
does not metastasize.
According to this figure, heterozygotes for this form of hypercholesterolemia suffer from the disease because they
don't produce enough LDL receptors.
The variation that occurs in 13 predetermined sites scattered throughout the human genome can be used to identify individual people. This DNA profile is possible because __________.
each individual is likely to have the same sequence in the same places but with a different number of repeats
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
Four decades after the end of the Vietnam War, the remains of an Air Force pilot were discovered and returned to the United States. A search of Air Force records identified three families to which the remains might possibly belong. Each family had a surviving twin of a missing service member. The following STR profiles were obtained from the remains of the pilot and the surviving twins from the three families.
each of the 13 STR bands must match.
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that
each pair of alleles (chromosomes) segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. Submit
After obtaining DNA fragments by PCR, a small fraction of the PCR product is loaded and ran into a(n)
electrophoresis gel.
Plants are being engineered to produce their own insecticides; therefore, __________.
farmers can reduce chemical use
Turner syndrome occurs in
females
The diploid phase of the human life cycle begins with _____.
fertilization
Which of the following is a feature of plant cell division that distinguishes it from animal cell division?
formation of a cell plate
Which of these genes are located on the q arm of chromosome 17?
gastrin and GH1
The process used to separate DNA molecules by size
gel electrophoresis.
DNA microarrays are useful tools for studying _____.
gene expression
In multicelluar organisms, specialization in structure and function of cells is caused by
gene expression.
At the conclusion of meiosis I, the daughter cells are _____.
haploid and the sister chromatids are joined
In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___.
heating
A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:
her egg cells
A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is likely to be _____ to transmit it to offspring.
heterozygous for the trait and able
A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be ________ to transmit it to offspring.
heterozygous for the trait and able
People afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were
heterozygous for the trait.
R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross of RR with rr will
heterozygous.
Mendel observed that pairs of alleles were separated or segregated in gametes and that they were rejoined in fertilization. We know that pairs of _____ are segregated in _____ and then are rejoined through fertilization.
homologous chromosomes ... meiosis
The two strands of a DNA molecule are joined to each other through _____.
hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in humans?
hypercholesterolemia
Chromatids are _____.
identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome
In the figure above, the two DNA molecules produced when step "d" is completed will be
identical to each other and to the parent DNA.
In a eukaryotic cell, transcription takes place _____.
in the nucleus
When you cross two heterozygotes (Aa), the offspring will most likely be __________.
in the ratio 1:1 homozygotes to heterozygotes
All of the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is _____ to the allele for white flowers.
incompletely dominant
If the genes should read: THE CAT ATE THE RAT and instead it reads THE CAT ATE THE RATE, this would be an example of which type of genetic mutation?
insertion
Both mitosis and meiosis are preceded by
interphase
Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?
interphase
What stage of the cell cycle does the cell remain in the longest?
interphase
The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.
involved in eye development
The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.
involved in the regulation of the cell cycle
The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive. An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis
is a carrier.
A child with cystic fibrosis can be born to two parents who do not have the disease. This is because the disease _____.
is caused by a recessive allele Submit
What is the function of the enzyme ligase during DNA replication
it seals the bonds
When we say that an organism is haploid, we mean that _____.
its cells each have one set of chromosomes
Sister chromatids are
joined together at a centromere.
After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's genetic material.
labeled DNA ... DNA
Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.
ligase
Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ________ genes and generally ________.
linked; do not sort independently during meiosis
The genotype XYY represents a
male
What is the SRY gene?
master gene for male sex determination
Looking through a light microscope at a cell undergoing meiosis, you see that the chromosomes have joined into XX-shaped tetrads. These tetrads are lined up along a plane that runs through the center of the cell. This cell is in _____.
meiosis I
Nondisjunction occurs when
members of a chromosome pair fail to separate.
Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because
men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the cell equator?
metaphase
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles?
metaphase
After fertilization, the resulting zygote begins to divide by __________.
mitosis
A breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one trait is called a(n)
monohybrid cross.
In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.
negative ... positive
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes sometimes "stick together" and do not separate properly. This phenomenon is known as _____.
nondisjunction
Down syndrome can be the result of _____.
nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis
Most people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were
not affected at all by the disease.
The building blocks of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
The monomers of DNA and RNA are
nucleotides.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a health problem for someone with cystic fibrosis?
obesity
Mendel formulated his principles of inheritance based on _____.
observations on the outcomes of breeding experiments. The underlying processes were unknown at the time.
When applied to Mendel's experiments, the term true-breeding means a self-fertilization of two plants that produces __________.
offspring identical to the parent
Where is the SRY gene found?
on the Y chromosome
Translation occurs
on the surface of ribosomes of the cell.
How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?
one
What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male?
one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
If someone is a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder, it means he or she has __________ of the allele, and __________ exhibit symptoms of the disorder.
one copy; does not
Adult stem cells may
only give rise to certain types of cells.
Which of the following is a genetic test that tracks the inheritance pattern of a trait through multiple generations?
pedigree
This is an image of a _____.
phage
The letter A indicates a _____.
phosphate group
Sickle-cell disease is an example of
pleiotropy
The inheritance of height and weight can best be described as __________.
polygenic
The term gene expression refers to the
process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins.
In the telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____.
prophase
The phase of mitosis during which the mitotic spindle begins to form is
prophase
Crossing over occurs during _____.
prophase I
During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur?
prophase I
Synapsis occurs during _____.
prophase I
Which of the following shows mitosis in the correct chronological order?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Enzyme complexes that break down protein are called _____.
proteasomes
Protein-phosphorylating enzymes' role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____.
protein activation
Histones are __________.
proteins around which DNA is coiled
Which plants in this figure must all be heterozygous?
purple-flowered plants in the F1 generation
The gene that codes for gastrin is located on the _____ of chromosome 17.
q arm
Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by
recessive alleles.
Which of the following is a function of a tRNA molecule?
recognizes the message of mRNA to provide the appropriate amino acids.
The nuclear membrane's role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____.
regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm
The action of helicase creates _____.
replication forks and replication bubbles
The cross-fertilization of two different, but true-breeding, varieties of pea plants will _____.
result in hybrid plants
The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is
reverse transcriptase.
The replication illustrated here is termed
semiconservative
What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction?
separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA
In meiosis II, _____.
sister chromatids are separated
Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called
sister chromatids.
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their
size
DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.
small
Frequently, genetic engineers use plasmids, which are _____.
small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
Stem cells could be important in the treatment of which of the following conditions in the near future?
spinal cord injuries
A vaccine works by
stimulating the immune system.
Which type of gene mutation causes sickle cell disease?
substitution
You can tell that this is an image of a DNA nucleotide and not an RNA nucleotide because you see a _____.
sugar with two, and not three, oxygen atoms
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form?
telophase
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
template
What is happening in this stage of meiosis? *What splits during meiosis I?
tetrads are splitting
DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands?
that the DNA polymerase could be denatured
The genetic material is duplicated during
the S phase.
Imagine that we mate two black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that three of the puppies are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with normal vision and another is black with PRA (progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that
the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation.
In the video, Craig Venter says, "We are trying to understand basic life, by learning how to now write the genetic code. So we start with the digital code in the computer, and four bottles of chemicals, and we actually build the DNA molecule from scratch." What chemicals are in those four bottles?
the four types of nucleotides (A, T, C, and G) that are the building blocks of DNA
Cystic fibrosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Males who have cystic fibrosis are usually sterile. Furthermore, the disease is often lethal before the age of reproduction. Even though people with the disease rarely reproduce, cases continue to arise because __________.
the harmful allele "hides" inside heterozygous individuals and one-fourth of the offspring of two heterozygotes should be afflicted
In the figure above, the two strands have separated in step "b" because
the hydrogen bonds between bases were broken.
Recessive X-linked traits are more likely to be expressed in a male fruit fly than a female fruit fly because
the male's phenotype results entirely from his single X-linked gene.
Two parents of mixed ethnicity have twins, one of which is born with very light skin and one of which is born with very dark skin. This is because of __________.
the polygenic nature of skin color genes
DNA profiles used as evidence in a murder trial look similar to supermarket bar codes. The pattern of bars in a DNA profile shows _____.
the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA
In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____.
the promoter
The alleles of a gene are found at _____ chromosomes.
the same locus on homologous
The alleles of a gene are found at ________ chromosomes.
the same locus on homologous
The use of cloning to produce special embryonic stem cells is called
therapeutic cloning.
Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are
three-nucleotide sequences.
Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?
thymine
In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.
thymine ... cytosine
In which of the following cases would DNA fingerprinting be used?
to do all of these
As we now understand it, the Law of Independent Assortment applies _____.
to pairs of genes that are on different chromosomes, but NOT to pairs of genes that are close together on the same chromosome
Which of the following is a function of a mRNA molecule?
transcribes the message of DNA into RNA.
The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called
transcription.
Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are
triple nucleotide sequences.
At the end of telophase I of meiosis, as cytokinesis occurs, there are __________.
two haploid cells
Are there any heterozygous individuals in the dominant pedigree above? (The shaded circles are affected individuals.)
yes there are 4 heterozygous individuals (persons 1, 2, 4, and 8)
Which of the following statements regarding the function of mitosis is false?
Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity.
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.
1' ... 5'
DNA fragment A consists of _____ base pairs.
1,268
DNA fragment B consists of _____ base pairs.
1,405
Hypercholesterolemia is a disorder in which blood cholesterol levels are elevated. The H allele is incompletely dominant to the h allele, with hh homozygotes having extremely high levels of blood cholesterol. A husband and wife are both Hh heterozygotes. What is the chance that their first child will have normal levels of blood cholesterol?
1/4
One medical condition showing promise with CRISPR-Cas9 treatment is sickle-cell disease. A mutation in the HBB gene, which codes for beta-globin, causes abnormal hemoglobin to be produced in blood cells. This distorts red blood cells into an abnormal sickle shape and causes clumping, leading to pain and serious medical complications. Scientists would like to repair the mutant HBB gene in the bone marrow of sickle-cell disease patients so that normal hemoglobin can be produced in their blood cells. To use CRISPR-Cas9 in this application, some parts of the technique will be specific to sickle-cell treatment and some parts will be the same as other CRISPR-Cas9 uses. How would the CRISPR-Cas9 system have to be customized for this application? Select all that apply.
-A normal copy of the HBB gene would have to be provided. -The guide RNA would have to target the section of the HBB gene with the mutation. -Bone marrow cells would have to be targeted for modifications.
Check each of the true statements about the proteins involved in cutting and pasting DNA. More than one statement may be true.
-A particular restriction enzyme only cuts DNA at one very specific DNA sequence. -A restriction enzyme cuts DNA while DNA ligase pastes DNA. -DNA ligase pastes together segments of DNA with matching sticky ends.
Lipase is an enzyme (a type of protein) that breaks down fats. Which of the following statements about lipase are true? Select all that apply.
-A specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme. -The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication.
Recombinant DNA: (choose all that apply)
-Combines 2 different pieces of DNA combined into one. -Used to procure insulin and vaccines.
DNA is considered to be the molecule of life. Which two functions make DNA uniquely suited to this role?
-DNA produces more of itself -DNA directs the production of proteins
What did the structure of DNA's double helix suggest about DNA's properties?
-DNA stores genetic information in the sequence of its bases. -DNA can change. Errors in copying can result in changes in the DNA sequence that could be inherited by future generations. -DNA can be replicated by making complementary copies of each strand.
In the 1950s, when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well accepted by the scientific community?
-Genes are located on chromosomes. -Chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acid. -Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
Use the Punnett square from the introduction and the ones you drew for Part A to select the three statements that are true about the inheritance of this form of deafness.
-If a deaf man and a hearing woman have a deaf child, the mother's genotype must be Dd. -If a deaf child is born to hearing parents, both parents must be Dd. -The child of a deaf man and a DD hearing woman will definitely have hearing.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning DNA?
-It is double stranded. -It includes the base thymine. -It includes the sugar deoxyribose.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning RNA?
-It is single stranded. -It includes the base uracil. -It includes the sugar ribose.
Choose all that apply: The two new cells created after cytokinesis during mitosis are:
-genetically identical. -are called daughter cells. -will each begin a new cell cycle of their own.
The genetic code is: *Choose all that apply
-redundant, with more than one codon for some amino acids. -uambiguous in that any codon for one amino acid does not code for any other amino acid. -nearly universal—the genetic code is shared by organisms from the simplest bacteria to the most complex plants and animals -without punctuation in that codons are adjacent to each other with no gaps in between
Reproductive cloning may be used for (choose all that apply)
-restock endangered animal populations -pharma -improve agriculture products
To create a molecule of recombinant DNA, which of the following is cut with a restriction enzyme?
-starting DNA -target DNA
What are the chemical components of a DNA molecule?
-sugars -nitrogenous bases -phosphate groups
Which of the following terms associated with transcription describe regions of nucleic acid?
-terminator -promoter -gene
Justin has type A blood and his wife Brittany has type B blood. Justin's parents both have type AB blood, and Brittany's parents also both have type AB blood. What are the chances that Justin and Brittany's son Theodore has type A blood?
0%
What is the probability that offspring will be carriers of the trait if persons 3 and 6 marry?
0%
If Sophie conceives a child, and the father neither has cystic fibrosis nor is a carrier, what are the chances that the child would have cystic fibrosis?
0%, because the child must receive the bad gene from both parents
If one parent is blood type AB and the other is type O, what fraction of their offspring is expected to have blood type A?
0.5
In a situation in which genes assort independently, what is the ratio of the gametes produced by an AaBB individual?
1 AB : 1 aB
Black eyes are dominant to orange eyes, and green skin is dominant to white skin. Sam, a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, has a parent with orange eyes and white skin. Carole is a MendAlien with orange eyes and white skin. If Sam and Carole were to mate, the predicted phenotypic ratio of their offspring would be _____.
1 black eyes, green skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin
An individual heterozygous for eye color, skin color, and number of eyes mates with an individual who is homozygous recessive for all three characters; what would be the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes; G = green skin, g = white skin; C = two eyes, c = one eye]
1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye
Vitamin D - resistant rickets is an X-linked dominant bone disorder. A man with this form of rickets marries a normal woman. What proportion of the couple's daughters is expected to have vitamin D - resistant rickets?
100%
If Sophie has a brother or sister from the same parents, what are the chances that sibling would have cystic fibrosis?
25%
Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance. If a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, the F1 generation has pink flowers. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with another pink-flowered plant, the expected progeny plants will be __________.
25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white
Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins.
35S
During a summer study abroad program, you traveled to Austria to study genetics at the University of Vienna. While you were there, a momentous discovery was made: Some of Gregor Mendel's original lab books and notes were found to be buried outside of the abbey where he lived. It just so happened that the professor you were working with obtained copies of these notes and enlisted your help to decipher them.You hired a translator to translate Mendel's notes from Czech to English, and using your knowledge of modern genetics (which Mendel did not have!) you were able to construct a partial Punnett square (shown here). Because the notebook was damaged from being buried for so long, this is the only information that you have regarding a cross that Mendel must have performed. Your professor has tasked you with figuring out more about this experiment.In pea plants, round peas are dominant (R) and shriveled peas are recessive (r), and yellow peas (shown as light gray in the Punnett square) are dominant (Y) and green peas (dark gray) are recessive (y). Using this information and the partial Punnett square shown, what is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring pea plants in this Punnett square?
3:3:1:1
Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.
5' to 3'
The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.
5' —> 3'
A woman with type O blood is expecting a child. Her husband is type A. Both the woman's father and her husband's father had type B blood. What is the probability that the child will have type O blood?
50%
If mom is a carrier of baldness and dad is bald, what is the probability that one of their sons will be bald? Baldness is an x-linked disorder.
50%
In this example the marker DNA includes fragments that have 23,130, 9,416, 6,557, 4,361, 2,322, 2,027, and 564 base pairs. Approximately how many base pairs are in the DNA fragment indicated by the letter A?
6,557
Both a man and a woman are heterozygous for freckles. Freckles (F) are dominant over no freckles (f). What is the chance that their child will have freckles?
75%
If a gene is transplanted from one organism into an organism of another species, this is called:
A transgenic organism.
Which of the following represents the correct pairing of nucleotides in the DNA molecule?
A-T
A DNA microarray:
All of these are correct.
Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false?
An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.
Identify the stage of division:
Anaphase
In the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter _____.
B
This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene. Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 1?
B
Which suspect's profile matches the DNA found at the crime scene?
B
In the following cross the genotype of the female parent is BbGg. What is the genotype of the male parent? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes, G = green skin, g = white skin]
BBGg
For the following blood types, determine which parents baby 1 belongs to: Baby 1 has type B blood Possible parents: Mr. Doe has type A Mrs. Doe has type A Mr. Jones has type AB Mrs. Jones has type A
Baby 1 belongs to the Jones Family
Histones:
Both of these are true.
A nitrogenous base is indicated by the letter _____.
C
This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene. Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 2?
C
Which of these is(are) pyrimidines?
C, D, and E
What is the transcription product of the sequence GCTAGCGATGAC?
CGAUCGCUACUG
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Suppose that a portion of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule has the sequence GCAGTAG. What is the sequence of the opposite strand?
CGTCATC
Which of the following statements regarding cell division is false?
Cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes.
Which of the following concerning cell division is FALSE?
Cell division is common in prokaryotes but rare in eukaryotes.
Most scientists describe biodiversity in terms of the number of species that have been discovered and described in scientific journals. Roughly 1.8 million species have been described, although most scientists think there could be as many as 50 million species or more currently living on Earth. However, in the video, Craig Venter seems more interested in the total number of discovered genes (he gives a total number of 20 million genes in the video) than the total number of discovered species. Why is that?
For recombinant DNA technology or for the creation of synthetic life, only the gene that produces a particular desired product is needed, and not the entire organism that carried the gene.
When examining cells in the laboratory, you notice that a particular cell has half as much DNA as the surrounding cells. This observation can be explained if this cell's cell cycle halted at checkpoint _____.
G1
If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, then the complementary strand would be
GCCATG
Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth?
GH1
Four of the five answers listed below are related to DNA profiling. Select the EXCEPTION.
GMOs
Match the definition with the term.
GMOs - organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means Gene therapy - changing of a defective gene to a normal one in a living human DNA Profiling - the analysis of DNA fragments to determine whether they come from the same individual Cloning - manipulations of organisms or their components to make useful products Human Genome Project - was a massive, publicly funded scientific endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome
Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?
GTTACGCAAUGC
Which of the following describes gene cloning?
Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium carrying a recombinant plasmid reproduces, thus allowing for the production of multiple copies of the recombinant plasmid.
Who is called the Father of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel
Imagine that a deaf male has a child with a hearing female. You know that the male must have the genotype dd, but the female could be either Dd or DD. If the couple's first child has hearing, can you determine the mother's genotype? (Hint: Draw Punnett squares for the two possible crosses.)
Her genotype cannot be determined.
Who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage?
Hershey and Chase
Which of the following statements is true concerning inheritance of autosomal dominant disorders?
Heterozygotes are affected.
Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder?
Huntington disease
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in humans?
Hypercholesterolemia
Two individuals decide to have children. The expected blood group genotypes are 50% of blood type A, and 25% each of blood types AB and B. What genotypes are the parents?
IAi x IAIB
Which one of the following statements is correct?
If a restriction enzyme is combined with a piece of DNA that contains its restriction site, the result will be restriction fragments.
Identify the stage of the cell cycle:
Interphase
Which of the following options correctly describes the behavior of a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?
It splits into two pairs of homologous nonsister chromatids, and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the behavior of a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?
It splits into two pairs of sister chromatids, and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell.
In the early 1950s, many researchers were racing to describe the structure of DNA using different approaches. Which of the following statements is true?
Jim Watson and Francis Crick built theoretical models, incorporating current knowledge about chemical bonding and X-ray data.
Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function?
MPO
This karyotype is from a _____ who has _______.
Male; Klinefelter's syndrome
Which process creates gametes through 2 cell divisions?
Meiosis
Which process creates genetically unique cells?
Meiosis
Which phase of division is represented here?
Meiosis Metaphase I
A BbGg x bbgg cross yields a phenotypic ratio of approximately 5 black eyes, green skin : 5 orange eyes, white skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin. Which of the following best explains these results?
Mendel's law of independent assortment is being violated.
The observed distribution of alleles into gametes is an illustration of _____.
Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment
Which process includes 1 division process creating cells with 46 chromosomes?
Mitosis
Which of the following regarding the function of mitosis is false?
Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity.
Imagine a particular character (such as flower color) that is determined by a single gene. If this gene is present in two forms, how can you tell which allele is dominant and which is recessive?
Perform a cross between two true-breeding individuals and observe the trait or traits expressed by the F1 individuals.
Identify these cells:
Plant cells
Identify the stage of division:
Prophase
During which phase of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur?
Prophase I
Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false?
RNA contains the sugar dextrose.
In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____.
RNA polymerase
What is the function of a spliceosome?
RNA processing
The cell replicates its DNA during which phase of the cell cycle?
S
The genetic material is duplicated during
S phase
What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists?
STR analysis
Short nucleotide sequences that are repeated at certain sites in the genome that are used in DNA profiling are called
STRs.
Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is TRUE?
Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than asexual reproduction.
Which of the following statements regarding sickle-cell disease is false?
Sickle-cell disease causes white blood cells to be sickle-shaped.
Which statement regarding skin cells and muscle cells in your body is true?
Skin cells and muscle cells each contain information about both muscle proteins and skin color.
Which of the following suspects matches the samples taken from the crime scene?
Suspect 2
Which suspect matched the crime scene sample according to the DNA profile?
Suspect 2
During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA?
T
What nucleotide sequence would be found on the complementary DNA strand of the strand shown here?
TGACA
Identify the stage of division:
Telophase
The existence of rare XY individuals who are phenotypically normal women was instrumental in learning about human sex determination. Maleness is determined by the SRY gene found on the Y chromosome. How is it possible to be an XY woman?
The SRY locus of the Y chromosome is deleted.
What event will immediately follow the event shown in this image?
The cell will divide into two plant cells.
Why is Suspect 1 considered more likely to have committed the crime than Suspect 2?
The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 1.
Erwin Chargaff observed that the proportions of adenine (A) and thymine (T) bases were always equal, as were the proportion of guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Chargaff's observation suggests which of the following statements?
The data suggest that A would always pair with T and G would always pair with C in a DNA molecule.
A colorblind woman marries a man who is not colorblind. All of their sons, but none of their daughters, are colorblind. Which of the following statements correctly explains these results?
The gene for color vision is found on the X chromosome.
Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?
The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
Apples in the United States, regardless of variety or where they're purchased, are generally produced by cloning. For more than 2,000 years, apple growers around the world have used a type of cloning called grafting to produce larger, better-tasting apples. Why has cloning become the primary method of apple growing? Apples grown from seeds usually don't produce apples with the same taste and appearance as that of the parent tree because there's a high degree of genetic variability among the seeds. Making identical genetic copies of the preferred fruit is the only way to get reliable apple quality.In grafting, the shoots and branches of the desired fruit tree, called a scion, are attached onto the trunk and root system of a previously existing tree, called the rootstock. Both components of the graft are needed because the rootstock controls gene expression in the scion, triggering production of apples that match the cloned scion.Grafting research can be used to produce some interesting tree combinations that are beneficial for intensive agriculture. For example, if you graft the root of a small tree variety, such as the crab apple, onto the shoot from a larger apple tree, such as the Gala, you can produce Gala apples on a much smaller tree. Other scientists are trying to create disease-resistant varieties that would need fewer pesticides. This is beneficial for the environment and also lowers the price of apples in the grocery store.Why don't the grafted hybrids produce apples with a blend of traits from the scion and the rootstock?
The rootstock regulates gene expression in the scion but contributes no genetic information for fruit production.
Which of the following statements best describes the DNA "watermarks" that Venter suggests adding to all lab-created organisms?
The watermarks can be used for tracing any descendants of the lab-created organisms.
Scientists like Craig Venter could choose to try to make any type of synthetic organism, from a bacterium to a mammal, but there are many things to consider when choosing a type of organism for research. Which of the following is a potential reason for choosing to create a type of organism other than a synthetic bacterium?
There is always a chance that a microscopic bacterium could escape undetected from the lab, and end up in the environment.
Imagine you're counseling a couple who have undergone carrier screening for Tay-Sachs disease. The man is a carrier, and the woman does not carry the Tay-Sachs allele. How should you advise them?
They should be informed that if they have a child, the child will not have Tay-Sachs disease but will have a 50% chance of being a carrier of the Tay-Sachs allele.
This is an image of a(n) _____.
This is an image of a(n) _____.
Why is the S phase of the cell cycle so critical to cell function?
This is when the cell copies all of its genetic material.
Which of the following is true concerning sex-linked disorders?
To be affected, daughters must inherit it from both parents.
In traditional recombinant DNA technology, a desirable gene from one organism is inserted into the DNA of a host organism. However, to create a synthetic life form, Craig Venter's team actually builds the entire DNA molecule from individual DNA nucleotides. Why would it be harder to create a synthetic life form than to use recombinant DNA technology?
To create a synthetic life form, you would need to understand the role of every gene, and make sure all of the genes were included that are necessary for the organism to survive.
Match the definition with the term.
Totipotent - a stem cell capable of producing every kind of specialized cell in an organism Nuclear transplantation - a cloning process used to clone animals Therapeutic cloning - used to produce embryonic stem cells Regeneration - regrowth of a lost body part
This karyotype represents
Trisomy 21
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.
True
DNA replication occurs in the 5' to 3' direction.
True
During transcription, initiation involves the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter and the start of RNA synthesis.
True
Most cells use only express a small percentage of their genes.
True
Nuclear transplantation used in animal cloning involves removing the nucleus of a cell and adding the nucleus of a donor cell.
True
The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits.
True
The control of gene expression allows cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where they are needed.
True
Which of the following statements is true concerning inheritance of autosomal recessive disorders?
Two affected parents will always have affected children.
Which of the following scientists are accredited with discovering DNA?
Watson and Crick
What would be an advantage to creating a synthetic organism, as compared to creating a genetically modified organism through recombinant DNA technology?
When creating a synthetic organism, you can more easily control the genes present in that organism, and make sure the organism cannot survive out in the environment.
When is PCR particularly applicable?
When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze
Which of the following variations of the sentence "Where is the cat?" is most like a chromosomal deletion?
Where is cat?
Which of the following indicates Turner syndrome?
XO
The sex chromosome complement of a normal human female is
XX
Which of the following is a normal human female?
XX
Klinefelter's syndrome is represented by the genotype
XXY
Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?
a G paired with a T
A monohybrid cross is
a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one trait.
The function(s) of meiosis is/are _____.
a. reproduction (production of gametes)
The four bases contained in DNA are _____.
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
How do mutations affect an organism?
all of the above
The genetic code
all of these are true of the genetic code
DNA polymerase
all of these are true.
RNA splicing
all of these are true.
Which of the following traits are examples of polygenic inheritance?
all of these: skin color, behavior, height
During a DNA fingerprinting procedure, tandem repeats of four or five nucleotides are
amplified by PCR.
Which of the following is found in RNA but not in DNA?
an additional hydroxyl group
What is an allele?
an alternative version of a gene
Cloning experiments with differentiated root cells from carrots revealed that __________.
an entire plant can grow from a differentiated cell
The stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes move toward separate poles of the cell is _____.
anaphase
Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they
are housed in a membrane bound nucleus.
In order to determine the genotype of a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, you would cross this individual with a(n) _____ individual.
bbgg
What is the genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin? (Note: orange eyes are recessive.)
bbgg
In this example the marker DNA includes fragments that have 23,130, 9,416, 6,557, 4,361, 2,322, 2,027, and 564 base pairs. Approximately how many base pairs are in the DNA fragment indicated by the letter B?
between 6,557 and 4,361 base pairs
Which of the following statements is true concerning gene expression?
both of these
A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a cross indicates that _____.
both parents are heterozygous for both genes
A mutation in the BRCA gene causes
breast cancer.
For this x-linked pedigree, what is the genotype of person 1?
carrier female
For this pedigree, person 10 could be:
carrier female or normal female
Which of the following occurs during interphase?
cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes.
Which of the following have NOT already been done by scientists?
cloning of a dinosaur from genes found in the blood of a fossil mosquito
A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of
codominance
The expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual illustrates
codominance
The presence of AB blood type illustrates the principle of
codominance
Which of the following statements best defines recombinant DNA technology?
combining genes from different sources
DNA profiling is a forensic procedure being utilized to identify individuals. This technique _____.
compares the DNA banding patterns of small segments of the genome
Genomics is the study of
complete sets of genes.
A transgenic animal is an animal
containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.
Meiosis differs from mitosis in that _____ only occurs in meiosis.
crossing over