Biology Final
Eyespot
Senses light and beneficial for phototaxis (Movement towards light).
Prokaryote
Simple cells which do not have their DNA in a nucleus; NO membrane bound organelles.
Mitochondria
Site of cell Respiration in eukaryotic cells. Produces ATP.
Cilia
Small hair-like projections on the outside of a cell; sweeps food towards the oral groove.
Ribosomes
Smallest organelle found in all cells; makes protein; gets instructions from DNA.
Pseudopod
"Fake foot." Used to surround food item and bring it into the cell. Can also be used for movement.
Structure
A cell's _______ is directly related to its function. Ex. (paramecium, muscle cell, vascular tissue, nerve, red blood cell, sperm cell)
Cells
All living things are made of ____. ALL cells contain: ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm.
Levels of Organization of Life
All living things are made up of cells .... many may group together to form - tissue - organ - organ systems - organism (multicellular).
Proteins
Amino Acids 1. Transports material into/our of the cell (channel or pump) 2. Components of cells and tissues (muscle, hair) 3. Speeds up the rate of a reaction Ex. insulin (transport material), hemoglobin (component of cell and tissue), enzymes (speed reactions)
Adaptation
An _________ is a behavior or feature that an organism possesses, which increases its chance of survival in their environment. Must have a genetic basis so that it can be passed from parent to offspring. Ex. (Oral groove, cilia, pseudopod)
Denature
An enzyme may _____ as a result of temperature or pH.
Proteins
Are channels for large or charged material to move in and our of the cell.
Cell Wall
Provides support and structure to plant, fungi, and bacteria cells; found outside cell membrane.
Plasmid
Circular ring of DNA found in prokaryotic cells.
Cell Membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell; it is selectively permeable.
Stem
Differentiation allows each of cell types to form from ____ cells.
Enzyme
Does not change and can be used over and over in reactions. Can only work on one specific substrate.
Lipids
Fatty acid and glycerol 1. Makes biological membranes 2. Long-term energy storage 3. Insulation and waterproofing Ex. fats, steroids, phospholipids
Surface Area
Folds in organs and organelles increase _____ _____. This increases the structure's ability to do its job.
Carbohydrates
ID tags found on the outer surface of the cell.
Identical
If a nerve, muscle, and blood cell came from the same person, the DNA in each of them would be ________.
Contractile Vacuole
Pumps water out of the cell to prevent cell lysis (breaking open due to osmosis).
Flagellum
Long whip-like tails used for movement (swimming).
Hypotonic
Means either a animal or plant cell will swell. However, only an animal cell will rupture because it doesn't have a cell wall. This means there is a lower concentration of solute than inside the cell.
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide 1. Main energy source 2. Provides structure and support Ex. glucose (simple), glycogen and starch (complex), cellulose (structure)
Eukaryote
More complex cells which protect DNA inside a nucleus; have specialized structures called membrane bound organelles.
Active Transport
Movement of material across the cell or plasma membrane using energy (ATP). Energy may be needed because: 1. Going from low to high concentration 2. Large quantity 3. Result is an increase in the concentration gradient Ex. pump, exocytosis
Passive Transport
Movement of material across the cell or plasma membrane without the use of energy (molecules move due to a concentration difference.... a gradient). Ex. diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides 1. Controls heredity information 2. Contains instructions for making proteins Ex. DNA (heredity), RNA (instructions)
Oral Groove
Opening to being larger material into a cell.
Bacteria
Prokaryote that has uncoiled DNA, flagella, a capsule, and plasmid.
Food Vacuole
Specialized storage food can be broken down by enzymes (inside the cell).
Nucleus
Stores the DNA in eukaryotic cells; control center of the cell.
Vacuole
Stores water and dissolved material; in plants it is usually the largest organelle.
Cellular Respiration
Takes energy in glucose and stores it in ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria. Process used by all eukaryotes. C6H12O6 + O2 = ATP + H2O + CO2
Maintain
The cell membrane helps cells ______ homeostasis by regulating what may enter or leave the cell.
Adenosine Triposphate (ATP)
The energy storing molecule used by cells to move, work, and survive.
Phosphate
To make more ATP a _______ must be added back on to a molecule of ADP.
Break
To release energy from ATP one phosphate must be ____. ATP then becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
Chloroplast
Uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
Using energy from the sun to produce glucose. Occurs in the chloroplast. Process used by plants and algae. ATP + H2O + CO2 = C6H12O6 + O2
Hypertonic
When a plant and animal cell shrink. Higher concentration outside the cell than inside.
Isotonic
When the concentration is the same inside and outside the cell.
Photosynthetic Bacteria
_____ ______ do not have chloroplasts and therefore do not go through photosynthesis.
Homeostasis
________ is essential for organism to live. Ex. sweating while the body is hot, regulation of sugar using hormones