Biology Final Mass Question Set

What do budding and fragmentation have in common? A) Both are types of asexual reproduction. B) Both produce large numbers of offspring. C) Both occur in sea stars. D) Both involve meiosis. E) A and B only

A) Both are types of asexual reproduction.

Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the: A) Tip of the coleoptile B) Part of the coleoptile that bends during the response C) Root tip D) Cotyledon E) Phytochrome

A) Tip of the coleoptile

A cloaca is an anatomical structure found in most vertebrates, which functions as A) a common exit for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. B) a region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females. C) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes. D) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening. E) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced by males.

A) a common exit for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.

If you wanted to genetically engineer a plant to be more resistant to drought, increasing amounts of which of the following hormones might be a good first attempt? A) abscisic acid B) brassinosteroids C) gibberellins D) cytokinins E) auxin

A) abscisic acid

The clonal selection theory implies that A) antigens activate specific lymphocytes. B) only certain cells can produce interferon. C) related people have similar immune responses. D) memory cells are present at birth. E) the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

A) antigens activate specific lymphocytes.

Each indication below is a clinical characteristic of inflammation except A) decreased temperature. B) edema. C) redness. D) pain. E) increased blood flow.

A) decreased temperature.

The cortical reaction functions directly in the A) formation of a fertilization membrane. B) generation of a nerve-like impulse by the egg cell. C) production of a fast block to polyspermy. D) the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei. E) release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell.

A) formation of a fertilization membrane.

What is the process called that involves the movement of cells into new relative positions in an embryo and results in the establishment of three tissue layers? A) gastrulation B) determination C) cleavage D) induction E) fertilization

A) gastrulation

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed A) homeostasis. B) organ system function. C) physiologic control. D) static equilibrium. E) negative feedback.

A) homeostasis.

The innate immunity that protects a person digging in the garden from developing a microbial infection includes all of the following except A) lymphocytes. B) the skin. C) mucous membranes. D) acidic secretions. E) antimicrobial proteins.

A) lymphocytes.

When seeds germinate, the radicle emerges before the shoot. This allows the seedling to quickly A) obtain a dependable water supply. B) avoid etiolation .C) protect the emerging coleoptile. D) mobilize stored carbohydrates. E) initiate photosynthesis.

A) obtain a dependable water supply.

Which of the following male and female structures consist largely of erectile tissue richly supplied with nerve endings? A) penis and clitoris B) vas deferens and oviduct C) testes and ovaries D) seminiferous tubules and vagina E) prostate and ovaries

A) penis and clitoris

What is the specific term that refers to seasonal changes in the relative lengths of night and day? A) photoperiod B) circadian rhythm C) chemotaxis D) gravitropism E) phototaxis

A) photoperiod

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium composed of? A) several layers of box-like cells B) a hierarchical arrangement of flat cells C) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane D) an irregularly arranged layer of pillar-like cells E) a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells

A) several layers of box-like cells

Which of the following is not a part of an antibody molecule? A) the epitope B) the constant or C regions C) the variable or V regions D) the light chains E) the heavy chains

A) the epitope

Urea is A) the nitrogenous waste product of humans. B) the nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. C) insoluble in water. D) the nitrogenous waste product of most birds. E) more toxic to human cells than ammonia.

A) the nitrogenous waste product of humans.

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B) pressure in the alveoli increases. C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.

A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

these cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

B cells

Currently available transgenic plants have been modified for all of the following traits except: A) Insect resistance B) Nitrogen fixation C) Herbicinde resistance D) Improved nutritional quality E) Virus resistance

B) Nitrogen fixation

What is endosperm? A) The male portion of a flowering plant B) The food storing tissue of a seed C) The leaves that are part of the embryo D) The female portion of a flowering plant E) Tissue that develops into a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo

B) The food storing tissue of a seed

Why is sexual reproduction important? A) It allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions. B) The resulting diverse phenotypes may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment. C) It can result in numerous offspring in a short amount of time. D) It enables isolated animals to colonize a habitat rapidly. E) Both A and D are important.

B) The resulting diverse phenotypes may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment.

What is the narrow opening of the human uterus called? A) vagina B) cervix C) oviduct D) fallopian tube

B) cervix

The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into which structure? A) heart and lungs B) digestive tract C) brain and spinal cord D) reproductive organs E) the blastocoel

B) digestive tract

We tend to think of plants as immobile when, in fact, they can move in many ways. All of the following are movements plants can accomplish except A) growth movements up or down in response to gravity. B) folding and unfolding of leaves using muscle-like tissues. C) growth movements toward or away from light. D) changes in plant growth form in response to wind or touch. E) rapid responses using action potentials similar to those found in the nervous tissue of animals.

B) folding and unfolding of leaves using muscle-like tissues.

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely A) terrestrial. B) marine. C) amphibious. D) found in freshwater streams. E) found in freshwater lakes.

B) marine.

In addition to their role in gas exchange, fish gills are also directly involved in A) digestion. B) osmoregulation. C) thermoregulation. D) the excretion of uric acid. E) the release of atrial natriuretic proteins.

B) osmoregulation.

Fruits develop from A) microsporangia. B) ovaries. C) petals D) fertilized eggs.

B) ovaries.

Russian nesting dolls, which are a set of smaller dolls packed inside larger dolls, most resemble which one of the following developmental theories? A) epigenesis B) preformation C) cell differentiation D) morphogenesis E) cell theory

B) preformation

Most scientists agree that global warming is underway; thus it is important to know how plants respond to heat stress. Which of the following is an immediate short-term response of plants to heat stress? A) the production of heat-shock carbohydrates unique to each plant B) the production of heat-shock proteins like those of other organisms C) the opening of stomata to increase evaporational heat loss D) their evolution into more xerophytic plants E) all of the above

B) the production of heat-shock proteins like those of other organisms

The sudden burst of protein synthesis when an egg is fertilized is due to an activation of A) transcription of DNA. B) translation of mRNA. C) RNA polymerase. D) DNA polymerase. E) polycistronic genes.

B) translation of mRNA.

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart? A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five

B) two

The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that A) urea can be exchanged for Na+. B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. E) less nitrogen is removed from the body.

B) urea is less toxic than ammonia.

Why must multicellular organisms keep their cells awash in an "internal pond"? A) The cells of multicellular organisms tend to accumulate wastes, a consequence of diffusion. B) This phenomenon only occurs in aquatic organisms because terrestrial organisms have adapted to life in a dry situation. C) All cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of food, gases, and wastes. D) Negative feedback will only operate in interstitial fluids. E) The cells of multicellular organisms tend to lose water because of osmosis.

C) All cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of food, gases, and wastes.

All of the following are responses of plants to cold stress except: A) The production of a specific solute "plant antifreeze" that reduces water loss. B) Excluding ice crystals from the interior walls C) Conversion of the fluid mosaic cell membrane to a solid mosaic one. D) Al alteration of membrane lipids so that the membranes remain flexible. E) Increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes.

C) Conversion of the fluid mosaic cell membrane to a solid mosaic one.

Flowers are made of modified: A) Roots B) Stems C) Leaves D) Ovules shoots

C) Leaves

Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)? A) An animal must be fasting for the measurement of SMR. B) The BMR for a particular animal is usually lower than that animal's SMR. C) SMRs must be determined at a specific temperature. D) BMRs are performed only on ectothermic animals. E) An organism must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR.

C) SMRs must be determined at a specific temperature.

The transduction pathway that activates systemic acquired resistance in plants is initially signaled by: A) Antisense RNA B) Pfr phyotochrome C) Salicylic acid D) Abscisic acid E) Red light

C) Salicylic acid

Some seed packets give a recommended planting depth for the enclosed seeds. The most likely reason some seeds are to be coered with only ¼ inch of soil is that the: A) Seedlings do not produce a hypocotyl B) Seedlings do not have an etiolation response C) Seeds require light to germinate D) Seeds require a higher temperature to germinate E) Seeds are very sensitive to waterlogging

C) Seeds require light to germinate

Auxin is responsible for all of the following plant growth responses except: A) Formation of adventitious roots B) Apical dominance C) The detection of photoperiod D) Cell elongation E) Phototropism

C) The detection of photoperiod

If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment? A) CO2 B) cytokinins C) ethylene D) auxin E) gibberellic acids

C) ethylene

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart? A) amphibians B) birds C) fishes D) mammals E) reptiles

C) fishes

Where is the thermostat of vertebrates located? A) medulla oblongata B) thyroid gland C) hypothalamus D) subcutaneous layer of the skin E) liver

C) hypothalamus

Which of the following cells produce testosterone? A) sperm cells B) seminiferous tubules C) interstitial cells D) hypothalamus E) anterior pituitary

C) interstitial cells

In an amphibian embryo, a band of cells called the neural crest A) rolls up to form the neural tube. B) develops into the main sections of the brain. C) produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo. D) has been shown by experiments to be the organizer region of the developing embryo. E) induces the formation of the notochord

C) produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo.

The ________ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys. A) pulmonary arteries B) glomerulus C) renal arteries D) renal veins E) venae cavae

C) renal arteries

Where are human sperm cells produced? A) prostate gland B) vas deferens C) the seminiferous tubules of the testes D) epididymis E) Sertoli cells

C) the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Which of the following is not part of the acid growth hypothesis? A) Auxin stimulates proton pumps in cell membranes. B) Lowered pH results in the breakage of cross-links between cellulose microfibrils. C) The wall fabric becomes looser (more plastic). D) Auxin-activated proton pumps stimulate cell division in meristems. E) The turgor pressure of the cell exceeds the restraining pressure of the loosened cell wall, and the cell takes up water and elongates.

D) Auxin-activated proton pumps stimulate cell division in meristems.

Which soil mineral is most likely leached away during a hard rain? A) Na+ B) K+ C) Ca++ D) NO3- E) H+

D) NO3-

Biological clocks cause organisms to perform daily activities on a regular basis. Which of the following is a false statement about this kind of "circadian rhythm"? A) It may have the same signal transduction pathway in all organisms. B) It must be reset on a daily basis. C) It may help to cause photoperiodic responses. D) Once set, it is independent of external signals. E) The exact mechanism of biological clocks remains unknown.

D) Once set, it is independent of external signals.

Seeds develop from A) microsporangia. B) ovaries. C) receptacles. D) Ovules

D) Ovules

Overwatering a plant will kill it. Why? A) Water does not have all the necessary minerals a plant needs to grow. B) Water will attract parasites. C) Water neutralizes the pH of the soil. D) The roots cannot get air.

D) The roots cannot get air.

Jenner successfully used cowpox virus as a vaccine against the virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? A) The immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. B) The cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. C) Cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. D) There are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. E) All of the above are true.

D) There are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses.

All of the following are features of angiosperms except A) a triploid endosperm. B) an ovary that becomes a fruit. C) animal pollination. D) a small (reduced) sporophyte. E) double fertilization.

D) a small (reduced) sporophyte.

The function of the epithelial tissue lining the digestive tract is mainly A) preventing fluid loss. B) the activity of cilia. C) protection. D) absorption. E) motility.

D) absorption.

Which of the following is the female gametophyte of a flowering plant? A) ovule B) microsporocyte C) pollen grain D) embryo sac E) stamen

D) embryo sac

Which of the following tissues lines the kidney tubules? A) connective B) smooth muscle C) nervous D) epithelial E) adipose

D) epithelial

The hormone progesterone is produced A) in the ovary and acts directly on the testes. B) in the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary. C) by the pituitary and acts directly on the ovary. D) in the ovary and acts directly on the uterus. E) in the pituitary and acts directly on the uterus.

D) in the ovary and acts directly on the uterus.

Malpighian tubules are excretory organs found in A) earthworms. B) jellyfish. C) flatworms. D) insects E) vertebrates.

D) insects

The N-P-K percentages on a package of fertilizer refer to the A) total protein content of the three major ingredients of the fertilizer. B) proportions of three different nitrogen sources. C) percentages of manure collected from different types of animals. D) percentages of three important mineral nutrients. E) relative percentages of organic and inorganic nutrients in the fertilizer

D) percentages of three important mineral nutrients.

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower? A) petals-sepals-stamens-carpels B) sepals-stamens-petals-carpels C) spores-gametes-zygote-embryo D) sepals-petals-stamens-carpels E) male gametophyte-female gametophyte-sepals-petals

D) sepals-petals-stamens-carpels

Plants that have their flowering inhibited by being exposed to bright lights at night are A) day-neutral plants. B) short-night plants. C) devoid of phytochrome. D) short-day plants. E) long-day plants.

D) short-day plants.

Muscles are joined to bones by A) positive feedback. B) loose connective tissue. C) Haversian systems. D) tendons. E) ligaments.

D) tendons.

A long-day plant will flower if A) the duration of continuous light exceeds a critical length. B) the duration of continuous light is less than a critical length. C) the duration of continuous darkness exceeds a critical length. D) the duration of continuous darkness is less than a critical length. E) it is kept in continuous far-red light.

D) the duration of continuous darkness is less than a critical length.

The main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is A) nitrate. B) urea. C) ammonia. D) uric acid. E) nitrite

D) uric acid.

Depending on salt intake and water availability, humans can produce urine that is A) hyperosmotic to body fluids. B) hypoosmotic to body fluids. C) isoosmotic to body fluids. D) A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are true.

E) A, B, and C are true.

How does the process of oogenesis differ from the process of spermatogenesis? A) In oogenesis unequal cytokinesis results in one ovum, while the equal cell divisions in spermatogenesis result in millions of sperm. B) The process of oogenesis is completed when the egg cell is penetrated by sperm, while secondary spermaotcytes undergo the second meiotic division right away. C) Spermatogenesis continues throughout the male's life; oogenesis stops at menopause. D) Spermatogenesis is a a continuous, uninterrupted process; oogenesis undergoes long resting periods. E) All of the above are differences.

E) All of the above are differences.

One effect of gibberellins is to stimulate cereal seeds to produce: A) RuBP carboxylase B) Lipids C) Abscisic acid D) Starch E) Amylase

E) Amylase

Which of the following hormones would be most useful in promoting the rooting of plant cuttings? A) Oligosaccharins B) Abscisic acid C) Cytokinins D) Gibberellins E) Auxins

E) Auxins

Which of the following are necessary to produce monoclonal antibodies? A) fibroblasts B) plasma cells C) myeloma cells D) macrophages E) Both B and C are necessary.

E) Both B and C are necessary.

How do the estrous and menstrual cycles compare? A) There are more pronounced behavioral changes during menstrual cycles than during estrous cycles. B) There are stronger effects of season and climate on menstrual cycles. C) Copulation can only occur during the period surrounding ovulation in both the estrous and menstrual cycles. D) The length of both cycles averages 28 days. E) In menstrual cycles, endometrial bleeding occurs, while the endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus in estrous cycles.

E) In menstrual cycles, endometrial bleeding occurs, while the endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus in estrous cycles.

All of the following could be considered advantages of asexual reproduction in plants except A) success in a stable environment. B) increased agricultural productivity. C) cloning an exceptional plant. D) production of artificial seeds. E) adaptation to change.

E) adaptation to change.

Which extraembryonic membrane of a chick embryo is a receptacle for uric acid wastes? A) chorion B) amnion C) yolk sac D) trophoblast E) allantois

E) allantois

Which of the following is currently the most powerful tool for research on plant hormones? A) the study of phytochrome B) subjecting plants to unusual stresses C) comparing tropisms and turgor movements D) comparisons of photoperiodic responses E) analysis of mutant plants

E) analysis of mutant plants

Day-neutral plants flower regardless of A) night length. B) day length. C) photoperiod. D) day length or night length. E) day length, night length, or photoperiod.

E) day length, night length, or photoperiod.

Which cell type interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways? A) plasma cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) natural killer cells D) CD8 cells E) helper T cells

E) helper T cells

Osteocytes and chondrocytes are housed in small cavities called A) intercellular spaces. B) matrices. C) Haversian systems. D) marrow cavities. E) lacunae.

E) lacunae.

What holds bones together at joints? A) cartilage B) Haversian systems C) loose connective tissue D) tendons E) ligaments

E) ligaments

The death of which organism via bt toxin played a large role in launching a national discussion on transgenic crops? A) red spotted salamanders B) cotton C) papaya D) earthworms E) monarch butterflies

E) monarch butterflies

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. C) hemoglobin concentration. D) temperature. E) pH.

E) pH.

"The development of spatial organization in which the tissues and organs are all in their characteristic places" is a definition for A) cleavage B) differentiation. C) induction. D) development. E) pattern formation.

E) pattern formation.

All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney except A) water reabsorption. B) filtration of blood. C) excretion of nitrogenous waste. D) regulation of salt balance in the blood. E) production of urea as a waste product of protein catabolism.

E) production of urea as a waste product of protein catabolism.

If a man were given a vasectomy, which of the following structures would no longer contribute to the production of semen? A) ejaculatory duct B) prostate gland C) seminal vesicles D) vas deferens E) seminiferous tubules

E) seminiferous tubules

What does cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produce? a) ATP b) NADPH c) glucose d) A and B e) A, B, and C

a) ATP

Which of the following enzymes is probably the most abundant protein in the world? a) RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase b) PEP carboxylase c) pyruvate kinase d) hexokinase e) aldolase

a) RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase

In the male, gonadotropic hormones secreted by the ____, stimulate the _____ tp produce testosterone. a) adrenal glands, testis b) anterior pituitary, prostate c) anterior pituitary, testis d) testis, seminal vesicle

a) adrenal glands, testis

What are antigens? a) antibody-generating foreign macromolecules b) proteins embedded in B-cell membranes c) proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains d) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blod cells to clump

a) antibody-generating foreign macromolecules

The value for water potential in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (water potential = -0.23), net water flow would a) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution b) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue c) be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal d) occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue e) be impossible to determine from the values given here

a) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution

In a laboratory experiment with three groups, one group of people drinks pure water, a second group drinks and equal amount of beer, and a third group drinks an equal amount of concentrated salt solution all during the same time period. Their urine production is monitored for several hours At the end of the measurement period, which group will have produced the greatest volume of urine and which group the least. a) beer the most, salt solution the least b) salt solution the most, water the least c) water the most, beer the least d) beer the most, water the least d) there will be no significant difference between these groups

a) beer the most, salt solution the least

At the time of implantation, the embryo is called a(n) a) blastocyst b) zygote c) embryo d) fetus e) somite

a) blastocyst

Which of the following mechanisms would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages? a) decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone b) the primal tubule reabsorbing more water c) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity d) increased blood pressure e) increased aldosterone production

a) decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following would be the best analogy for describing water movement in the xylem of a tree trunk? a) drinking through a soda straw b) turning on a faucet c) opening the flood gates of a dam d) pumping blood with a heart e) pushing water with an oar

a) drinking through a soda straw

In plants, which of the following could be an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? a) genetic variation b) mitosis c) stable populations d) rapid population increase e) greater longevity

a) genetic variation

Iron deficiency is often indicated by chlorosis in newly formed leaves. This suggests that a) iron is an immobile nutrient in plants b) iron is tied up in formed chlorophyll molecules c) the concentration of iron in the xylem sap decreases the further it is transported from the source in the soil d0 A and B only e) A, B, and C

a) iron is an immobile nutrient in plants

Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals? a) juxtamedullary nephrons b) Bowman's capsule c) urethra d) podocytes e) ureter

a) juxtamedullary nephrons

The enzyme nitrogenase is inhibited by oxygen. Which one of the following adaptations has evolved in response to this inhibition? a) leghemoglobin b) carbohydrate transfer from hosts c) water ferns d) root nodules e) bacteroids

a) leghemoglobin

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cells walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What cells are these? a) parenchyma b) xylem c) sclerenchyma d) endodermis e) collenchyma

a) parenchyma

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to secondary roots? a) pericycle b) phloem c) cortex d) epidermis e) endodermis

a) pericycle

What are epiphytes? a) plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts b) roots common in tropical regions c) plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen d) plants that have symbiotic relationship with roots e) haustoria for anchoring to host plants and obtaining xylem sap

a) plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts

A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment? a) red and yellow b) blue and violet c) green and yellow d) blue, green, and red e) green, blue, and violet

a) red and yellow

Guttation in plants is a consequence of a) root pressure b) transpiration c) pressure flow in problem d) plant injury e) condensation of atmospheric water

a) root pressure

Where does the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis take place? a) stroma of the chloroplast b) outer membrane of the chloroplast c) thylakoid membrane d) chlorophyll molecule e) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast

a) stroma of the chloroplast

The elongate structure which links the embryo to the nutrient tissue of the seed is called: a) suspensor b) epidermal tissue c) ground tissue d) embryo sac e) ovule

a) suspensor

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, a) the secondary xylem, vascular cambium, and secondary phloem b) the bark, annual rings, and phloem c) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem d) the summer wood, bark, and phloem e) the newest xylem, oldest phloem, and periderm

a) the secondary xylem, vascular cambium and secondary phloem

Where is the electron transport chain found in plant cells? a) thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts b) stroma of chloroplasts c) inner membrane of mitochondria d) matrix of mitochondria e) cytoplasm

a) thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Which of the following normally contains blood? a) vasa recta b) Bowman's capsule c) loop of Henle d) proximal tubule e) collecting duct

a) vasa recta

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B12 c. Vitamin C d. iodine e. calcium

a. Vitamin A

The "genetic equivalence" of nuclei has been demonstrated by: a. nuclear transplantation experiments b. formation of chimaeras c. transgenic experiments d. none of the above

a. nuclear transplantation experiments

Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules in food occurs in the a. small intestine. b. large intestine. c. stomach. d. liver. e. mouth.

a. small intestine.

inhibits growth; closes stomata during water stress

abscisic acid

acts by increasing the plasticity of the cell wall

auxin

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a) NADPH, O2, CO2 b) H2O, NADPH, Calvin cycle c) NADPH, chlorophyll, Calvin cycle d) H2O, photosystem I, photosystem II e) NADPH, electron transport chain, O2

b) H2O, NADPH, Calvin cycle

In what way do nitrogen compounds differ from other minerals needed by plants? a) Only nitrogen can be lost from the soil b) Only nitrogen requires the action of bacteria to be made available to plants c) Only nitrogen is needed for protein synthesis d) Only nitrogen is held by cation exchange capacity in the soil e) Only nitrogen can be absorbed by root hairs.

b) Only nitrogen requires the action of bacteria to be made available to plants

Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have a) an open circulatory system b) a closed circulatory system c) a gastrovascular cavity d) branched tracheae e) hemolymph

b) a closed circulatory system

Thylakoids stacked in columns a) do not occur in chloroplasts of C3 plants b) are called grana c) have been shown to promote photorespiration d) decrease surface area to reduce damage to chlorophyll by excessive light energy e) are called stroma.

b) are called grana

The drug RU-486 functions by a) inhibiting release of gonadotropins from the pituitary b) blocking progesterone receptors in the uterus c) preventing release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary d) only A and B are correct

b) blocking progesterone receptors in the uterus

"Harnessing the energy of the proton pump to do work" defines: a) active transport b) chemiosmosis c) source-sink relationships d) ATP hydrolysis e) water potential.

b) chemiosmosis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plasma membrane proton pump? a) produces a proton gradient b) equalizes that charge on each side of a membrane c) store potential energy on one side of a membrane d) generates a membrane potential e) hydrolyzes ATP

b) equalizes that charge on each side of a membrane

Most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree as a result of a) osmosis in the root b) evaporation of water through stoma c) the force of root pressure d) atmospheric pressure on roots e) active transport of ions into the stele

b) evaporation of water through stoma

A botanist discovers a plant the lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots still grow downward. This evidence refuted the long-standing hypothesis that a) starch grains block the acid growth response in roots b) falling statoliths trigger gravitropism c) starch is converted to auxin, which causes the downward bending in roots d) starch and downward movement are necessary for thigmotropism e) starch accumulation triggers the negative phototropic response of roots

b) falling statoliths trigger gravitropism

A developing human is most susceptible to damage by environmental agents, such as drugs and disease-causing agents during the: a) first week b) first trimester c) second trimester d) third semester

b) first trimester

A disadvantage of monoculture is that a) the whole crop ripens at one time. b) genetic uniformity makes a whole crop vulnerable to a new pest or disease. c) it predominately uses vegetative propagation. d) most grain crops self-pollinate. e) it allows for the cultivation of large areas of land.

b) genetic uniformity makes a whole crop vulnerable to a new pest or disease

Which of the following terms could be used accurately to describe absorbed nutrients? a) polymers b) monomers c) peptides d) enzymes e) macromolecules

b) monomers

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about sugar movement in phloem? a) sugar transport does not require energy b) movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant c) diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport d) sugar is translocated from sinks to sources e) only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement

b) movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant

Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum? a) amylse b) pepsin c) lipase d) trypsin e) sucrase

b) pepsin

Which in bird and mammalian embryos functions like the blastopore of frog embryos? a) notochord b) primitive streak c) neural plate d) archenteron e) somites

b) primitive streak

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe travels out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except the a) right atrium b) pulmonary vein c) alveolus d) trachea e) right ventricle

b) pulmonary vein

Which parts of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? a) sections of the root that have secondary xylem b) root hairs c) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem d) storage roots e) taproots

b) roots hairs

What is peristalsis? a) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein b) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal c) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine d) loss of appetite, fatigue, dehydration, and nervous disorders e) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation

b) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity? a) food items are retained longer b) specialized regions are possible c) digestive enzymes can be more specific d) extensive branching is possible e) intracellular digestion is easier

b) specialized regions are possible

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called a) cortex b) stele c) endodermis d) periderm e) pith

b) stele

In the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport, what causes the pressure? a) the osmotic uptake of water by the sieve tubes of the sink b) the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at the source c) root pressure d) the accumulation of minerals and water by the stele in the root e) hydrostatic pressure in xylem vessels

b) the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at the source

The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because a) there are 700 chlorophyll molecules in the center b) this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm c) there are 700 photosystem I components to each chloroplast d) it absorbs 700 photons per microsecond e) the plastoquinone reflects light with a wavelength of 700 nm

b) this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? a) xylem b) vascular cambium c) phloem d) endodermis e) apical meristem

b) vascular cambium

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot mostly consists of which protein? a. fibrinogen b. fibrin c. thrombin d. prothrombin e. collagen

b. fibrin

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then a. hemoglobin will not release oxygen. b. fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. c. the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. d. most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. e. plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.

b. fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.

In which group of animals would you expect to find a long cecum? a. carnivores b. herbivores c. autotrophs d. heterotrophs e. omnivores

b. herbivores

FSH stimulates: a. implantation b. maturation of ovarian follicles c. secretion of progesterone d. the endometrium to thicken and secrete nourishing fluid

b. maturation of ovarian follicles

A group of similar specialized cells, organized as a structural and functional unit is a(n): a. organ system b. tissue c. organ d. organism e. ganglion

b. tissue

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve elements. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve elements. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem. a) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 d) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 e) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5

c) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

The "B" in B cells was originally named after what structure? a) buccal cavity b) buffalo c) Bursa of Fabricius d) bile e) Broca's area

c) Bursa of Fabricius

What is thought to be the most abundant protein on the planet? a) lactase b) PEP Carboxylase c) RUBISCO d) dehydrogenase e) amylase

c) RUBISCO

Which of the following is true about secondary growth in plants? a) Flowers may have secondary growth. b) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant. c) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. d) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem. e) Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.

c) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

The membranous sac that forms from the hindgut and stores waste products in birds and reptiles is the: a) amnion b) chorion c) allantois d) blastocyst

c) allantois

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from? a) photosystem II b) photosystem I c) cyclic electron flow d) noncyclic electron flow e) chlorophyll

c) cyclic electron flow

Which of the following hormones were originally discovered in coconut milk? a) oligosaccharins b) abscisic acid c) cytokinins d) gibberellins e) auxins

c) cytokinins

In the transition from an aquatic to terrestrial environment, the plant's cuticle solved the problem of a) reproduction b) transport c) dessication d) support

c) dessication

After gastrulation, the outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a vertebrate is a) mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm. b) endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm. c) ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. d) ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm. e) endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm.

c) ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Plant hormones can be characterized by all of the following except that they a) may act by altering gene expression b) have multiplicity of effects c) function independently of other hormones d) control plant growth and development e) affect division, elongation, and differentiation of ceclls

c) function independently of other hormones

All of the following are elements that plants need in small amounts (micronutrients) EXCEPT a) iron b) chlorine c) hydrogen d) zinc e) copper

c) hydrogen

Which of the following digestive processes requires enzymes? a) peristalsis b) elimination c) hydrolysis d) absorption e) ingestion

c) hydrolysis

Tracheal systems for gas exchange are found in which organisms? a) crustacean b) earthworm c) insect d) jellyfish e) vertebrate

c) insect

Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants? a) meiosis in pollen grains b) meiosis in anthers c) mitosis in male gametophytes d) mitosis in the micropyle e) mitosis in the embryo sac

c) mitosis in male gametophytes

Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant? a) ovule b) microsporocyte c) pollen grain d) embryo sac e) stamen

c) pollen grain

What effect does "pinching back" a house plant have on the plant? a) increases apical dominance b) inhibits the growth of lateral buds c) produces a plant that will grow fuller d) increases the flow of auxin down the shoot e) produces a plant that will grow taller

c) produces a plant that will grow fuller

Which of the following best describes fruits as adaptations of angiosperms? a) provide food for animals b) provide food for the developing embryo c) provide for seed dispersal d) protect seeds from environmental conditions

c) provide for seed dispersal

A person suffering from AIDS would be unlikely to suffer from which of the following diseases? a) tuberculosis b) influenza c) rheumatoid arthritis d) hepatitis e) cancer

c) rheumatoid arthritis

All of the following floral parts are directly involved in pollination or fertilization except the a) stigma b) anther c) sepal d) carpel e) style

c) sepal

What would be expected if the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of the lungs were to increase significantly? a) the amount of carbon dioxide entering the lungs from the blood would increase b) the amount of oxygen entering the circulation from the lungs would increase c) the amount of oxygen entering the circulation from the lungs would decrease d) the pressure would cause the capillary beds to burst e) both C and D would be expected

c) the amount of oxygen entering the circulation from the lungs would decrease

A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would a part of which structure? a) the root cortex b) a guard cell c) the endodermis d) the root epidermis e) the Casparian strip

c) the endodermis

What is meant by the term chlorosis? a) the uptake of the micronutrient chlorine by a plant b) the formation of chlorophyll within the thylakoid membranes of a plant c) the yellowing of leaves due to decreased chlorophyll production d) a contamination of glassware in hydroponic culture e) release of negatively charged minerals such as chloride from clay particles in soil

c) the yellowing of leaves due to decreased chlorophyll production

Which of the following is a function of the contents of the acrosome during fertilization? a) to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell b) to block polyspermy c) to digest the exterior coats of the egg d) to help propel the sperm e) to nourish the mitochondria of the sperm

c) to digest the exterior coats of the egg

The primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is a) to produce NADPH used in respiration b) to produce energy-rich glucose from carbon dioxide and water c) to produce ATP and NADPH d) to convert light energy to the chemical energy of PGAL e) to use ATP to make glucose

c) to produce ATP and NADPH

A cell that remains entirely flexible in its developmental possibilities is said to be a) differentiated b) determined c) totipotent d) genomically equivalent e) epigenetic

c) totipotent

What is the reason why fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end? a. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. b. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. c. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. d. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. e. The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

c. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

Osteocytes are found in: a. skeletal muscle b. cartilage c. bone d. dense connective tissue

c. bone

The gut and the digestive glands form from the: a. ectoderm b. mesoderm c. endoderm d. blastula

c. endoderm

Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because a. only those animals use the nutrients. b. they are subunits of important polymers. c. they cannot be manufactured by the organism. d. they are necessary coenzymes. e. only some foods contain them.

c. they cannot be manufactured by the organism.

Stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes

cholecystokinin

Stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.

cholecystokinin

cells with unevenly thickened primary walls that support still-elongating parts of the plant

collenchyma

stimulates cell division by influencing the synthesis or activation of proteins required for mitosis

cytokinin

these cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and destroy virally infected cells

cytotoxic T cells

If a short-day plant has a critical night length of 15 hours, then which of the following 24-hour cycles will prevent flowering? a) 8 hours light/16 hours dark b) 4 hours light/20 hours dark c) 6 hours light/2 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark d) 8 hours/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark e) 2 hours light/20 hours dark/2 hours light

d) 8 hours/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark

The early suggestion that the oxygen (O2) liberated from plants during photosynthesis comes from water was a) first proposed by C.B. van Niel of Stanford University b) confirmed by experiments using oxygen 18 (18O) c) made following the discovery of photorespiration because of rubisco's sensitivity to oxygen d) A and B e) A, B, and C

d) A and B

Which of the following is (are) true of the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase? a) it participates in the Calvin cycle b) it catalyzes a phosphorylation reaction c) is has an affinity for both O2 and CO2 d) A and C are true e) A, B, and C are true

d) A and C are true

A patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he does does not produce antibodies against viral infections. This is probably due to a disorder in which cells of the immune system? a) B cells b) plasma cells c) natural killer cells d) T cells e) macrophages

d) T cells

Seed dormancy can be broken by exposure to: a) digestive enzymes b) cold c) water d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The development of an organism is controlled by a) cytoplasmic factors b) genetic factors c) extracellular factors d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The opening of stomata is thought to involve a) a decrease in the osmotic concentration of the stoma b) active transport of water out of the guard cells c) decreased turgor pressure in guard cells d) an increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells e) movement of K+ out of guard cells.

d) an increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells

Which developmental sequence is CORRECT? a) gastrula, morula, blastula, and cleavage b) cleavage, blastula, gastrula, and morula c) cleavage, gastrula, morula, and blastula d) cleavage, morula, blastula, and gastrula e) morula, cleavage, gastrula, and blastula

d) cleavage, morula, blastula, and gastrula

Nitrogen fixation is a process that a) recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials. b) converts ammonia to nitrate. c) releases nitrate from the rock substrate. d) converts nitrogen gas into ammonia. e) both A and B

d) converts nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Which of the following types of plants is NOT able to self-pollinate? a) complete b) wind-pollinated c) monoecious d) dioecious e) insect-pollinated

d) dioecious

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to root hairs? a) pericycle b) phloem c) cortex d) epidermis e) endodermis

d) epidermis

In general, herbivores mammals have teeth modified for a) piercing b) ripping c) splitting d) grinding e) cutting

d) grinding

According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin works by a) dissolving sieve plates, permitting more rapid transport of nutrients b) dissolving the cell membranes temporarily, permitting cells that were on the verge of dividing to divide more rapidly c) changing the pH within the cell, which would permit the electron transport chain to operate more efficiently d) increasing wall plasticity and allowing the affected cell walls to elongate e) greatly increasing the rate of deposition of cell wall material

d) increasing wall plasticity and allowing the affected cell walls to elongate

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule a) results from active transport b) transfers large molecules c) is very selective as to which small molecules are transferred d) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid e) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the nephron tubule

d) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid

In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following? a) it is located in the walls between endodermal cells and cortex cell b) it provides energy for the active transport of minerals into stele from the cortex c) it ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil into equal amounts d) it ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell before entering the stele e) it provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients

d) it ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell before entering the stele

Which of the following is true of interstitial fluid? a) it forms the extracellular matrix of connective tissue b) it is internal environment found in animal cells c) it is composed blood d) it provides for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells e) its found inside the small intestine

d) it provides for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells

Phloem transport of sucrose can be described as going from "source to sink". Which of the following would NOT normally function as a sink? a) growing root b) shoot tip c) growing leaf d) mature leaf e) storage organ in summer

d) mature leaf

Which of the following is TRUE in plants? a) meiosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes b) the gametophyte is the dominant generation in flowering plants c) male gametophytes and female gametophytes are the same structure d) meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores e) plants exist continually as either sporophytes or gametophytes

d) meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores

Land plants are composed of all of the following tissue types EXCEPT a) epidermal b) vascular c) ground tissue d) mesoderm e) meristematic.

d) mesoderm

In order to flower, a short-day plant needs a a) burst of red light in the middle of the night b) a burst of far-red light in the middle of the night c) day that is longer than a certain length d) night that is longer than a certain length e) higher ratio of Pr to Pfr

d) night that is longer than a certain length

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of flowers? a) sexual reproduction b) meiosis c) egg production d) photosynthesis e) pollen production

d) photosynthesis

What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? a) fertilization preceded pollination b) pollination easily occurs between plants of different species c) pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other d) pollination brings gametophytes together so the fertilization can occur e) If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary

d) pollination brings gametophytes together so the fertilization can occur

Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called a) hairs b) sclereids c) phloem cells d) stomata e) xylem cells.

d) stomata

A farming commitment embracing a variety of methods that are conversation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable is called a) hydroponics b) genetic engineering c) responsible irrigation d) sustainable agriculture e) nitrogen fixation

d) sustainable agriculture

Which of the following best describes the general role of micronutrients in plants? a) thy are components of nucleic acids b) they are necessary for essential regulatory functions c) they prevent chlorosis d) they are cofactors in enzyme reactions e) they are necessary for the formation of cell walls

d) they are cofactors in enzyme reactions

To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place? a. ingestion b. digestion c. hydrolysis d. absorption e. elimination

d. absorption

The velocity of blood flow is lowest in a. the aorta. b. arteries. c. arterioles. d. capillaries. e. veins.

d. capillaries.

In which animal does blood flow through from the respiratory organ to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? a. annelid b. mollusk c. fish d. frog e. insect

d. frog

In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most? a. abdominal artery b. coronary arteries c. pulmonary veins d. hepatic portal vessel e. aorta

d. hepatic portal vessel

Multinucleate cells are found in: a. adipose tissue b. cartilage c. bone d. skeletal muscle cells

d. skeletal muscle cells

neuron processes that conduct an impulse toward the cell

dendrites

Organic molecules make up what percentage of the dry weight of a plant? a) 6% b) 17% c) 67% d) 81% e) 96%

e) 96%

What factor(s) contribute to the opening of stomata in plants at dawn? a) Depletion of CO2 b) Light c) Circadian Rhythms d) A and B e) A, B, and C

e) A, B, and C

Plants are affected by an array of pathogens. Which of the following is not a plant defense against disease? a) cells near the point of infection destroying themselves to prevent the spread of infection b) production of chemicals that kill pathogens c) acquiring gene-for-gene recognition that allows specific proteins to interact so that the plant can produce defenses against the pathogen d) a waxy cuticle that pathogens have trouble penetrating e) all of the above are plant defenses against disease

e) all of the above are plant defenses against disease

Why is it so difficult to study the actions of plant hormones? a) their effects are often the result of an interaction of hormones b) the are found in small quantities in the plant c) we probably have not discovered all of them d) they sometimes cause different responses in different plants e) all of the above make the study of plant hormones difficult

e) all of the above make the study of plant hormones difficult

Plant hormones can have different effects at different concentrations. This is why a) plant genes recognize pathogen genes b) some plants are long-day plants and other are day neutral c) they really don't fit the definition of "hormone" d) signal-transduction pathways are the same in all plants e) auxin can cause cell elongation in apical meristems, yet will inhibit the growth of axillary buds

e) auxin can cause cell elongation in apical meristems, yet will inhibit the growth of axillary buds

Pine seedlings grown in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings grown in soil from the area where the seeds were collected. This is most likely because a) the sterilization process kills the root hairs as they emerge from the seedling. b) the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil. c) sterilization removes essential nutrients from the soil. d) water and mineral uptake is faster when mycorrhizae are present. e) both B and D

e) both B and D

Which functional plant cells lack a nucleus? a) xylem cells b) sieve tube cells only c) companion cells only d) both companion and parenchyma cells e) both xylem and sieve tube cells

e) both xylem and sieve tube cells

Which functional plant cells lack a nucleus? a) xylem only b) sieve tube cells only c) companion cells only d) both companion and parenchyma cells e) both xylem and sieve tube cells

e) both xylem and sieve tube cells

The largest organelle in most mature living plant cells is the a) nucleus b) chloroplast c) companion cells only d) dictyosome (Golgi apparatus) e) central vacuole

e) central vacuole

Cows are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of cellulose because a) cows are autotrophic b) the cow, like the rabbit, reingests its feces c) cows can manufacture all 20 amino acids out of sugars in the liver d) unlike humans, the cows' saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose e) cows have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in their rumens

e) cows have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in their rumens

Hans Spemann has referred to which of the following structures as the primary organizer in the early development of amphibian embryos? a) optic cup b) notochord c) neural tube d) dorsal ectoderm e) dorsal lip of the blastopore

e) dorsal lip of the blastopore

Because they accumulate in the body, excess ingestion of which of the following can have toxic effects? a) sugars b) water-soluble vitamins c) calcium and phosphorus d) proteins e) fat-soluble vitamins

e) fat-soluble vitamins

Which substance can be detected in the urine of females and is a positive test for pregnancy? a) progesterone b) estrogen c) follicle-stimulating hormone d) hypothalamus releasing factors e) human chorionic gonadotropin

e) human chorionic gonadotropin

What is the mutualistic association between roots and fungi called? a) parasitism b) nitrogen fixation c) root hair enhancement d) Rhizobium infection e) mycorrhizae

e) mycorrhizae

Because bundle-sheath cells are relatively protected from atmospheric oxygen, the level of _____ is held to a minimum in C4 plants. a) photosynthesis b) oxidative phosphorylation c) glycolysis d) decarboxylation of malic acid e) photorespiration

e) photorespiration

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? a) vascular cambium b) primary xylem c) secondary phloem d) mesophyll cells e) secondary xylem

e) secondary xylem

The T in T lymphocytes stands for a) toxic. b) thyroid. c) trigger. d) threshold. e) thymus.

e) thymus.

Select the pair in which the nitrogenous waste is incorrectly matched with the benefit of its excretion a) urea- low toxicity relative to ammonia b) uric acid - can be stored as a precipitate c) ammonia - very soluble in water uric acid- minimal loss of water when excreted e) urea - very insoluble in water

e) urea - very insoluble in water

Your laboratory partner has an open beaker of pure water. By definition, the water potential of this water is a) not meaningful, because it is an open beaker and not plant tissue b) a negative number set by the volume of the beaker c) a positive number set by the volume of the beaker d) equal to the atmospheric pressure e) zero

e) zero

Which of the following molecules would be the best source of stored energy in an animal's body? a. proteins b. minerals c. carbohydrates d. amino acids e. fats

e. fats

Average blood pressure is lowest in a. the aorta. b. arteries. c. arterioles. d. capillaries. e. veins.

e. veins.

a gas that hastens fruit ripening

ethylene

Produced by the stomach lining.

gastrin

promotes internode elongation; promotes germination of certain seeds

gibberellin

hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

theses cells have a function that is similar to the function of dendritic cells

helper T cells

embryonic hormone that maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

help to relay impulses within cardiac muscle

intercalated discs

triggers ovulation of the secondary oocyte

luteinizing hormone (LH)

these cells are involved in innate immunity, and a person lacking these cells may have a higher than normal chance of developing malignant tumors

natural killer T cells

the least specialized plant cells, which serve general metabolic, synthetic, and storage functions

parenchyma

participate in the blood clotting process

platelets

hormone produced by the corpus luteum when stimulated by LH

progesterone

cells located next to vascular bundles, providing support to the plant

sclerenchyma

Released by the duodenum in response to the acidic pH of chyme.

secretin

living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes; they transport sugars and other organic nutrients

sieve cells

long, thin tapered cells with lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water to flow through pits

tracheids