Biology Keystone 2 Book Review

Which pair of structures results from natural selection for similar function rather than a shared evolutionary history?

Bat wing and moth wing because moth wings and bay wings both allow flight (analogy), but are not made up of the same structures (homology)

In which aquatic biome does the salinity of water change with the tides?

Estuary

A mutation results in a protein that is one third as long as the normal protein. However, the amino acid sequence for the translated part of the protein is normal. Which best describes the mutation that has occurred?

It was a nonsense mutation that replaced a single nucleotide

A genetic mutation occurs in a gamete that eventually forms an offspring. If the resulting phenotype is neutral, how will the mutation affect the population of organisms?

It will increase the number of alleles in the population

Imagine that DNA replication and cell division were completely error-free and that cell DNA were completely protected from substances that cause mutation. How would natural selection be affected?

It would become ineffective, since it depends on variations within a population

Recently, bears have been found in the Arctic Circle that are hybrids between grizzly bears and polar bears. Which type of isolation mechanism usually keeps these species from producing offspring?

Mating and breeding in different habitats

At the beginning of meiosis one, a cell contains 60 chromosomes. What is the chromosome count for the cells at the beginning of meiosis II and at the end of meiosis?

Meiosis II: 30 and the end of Meiosis: 30

Some of the cells of an animal undergo both mitosis and meiosis. Which statement describes a difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Mitosis produces cells with normal chromosome numbers, but meiosis does not

Which is one difference between a parent cell and a daughter cell that results from mitosis?

The daughter cell has half the amount of genetic material as the parent cell

Which term describes an explanation for a wide range of observations, supported by many different lines of evidence?

Theory

Which conclusion can be made about whale evolution between the baleen whale and the Basilosaurus?

Whales descended from an ancestor that walked on land

Which statement correctly describes a part of an ecosystem?

A community is made up of different types of organisms

identify at least two characteristics of a good hypothesis

A good hypothesis provides a tentative explanation for observed phenomena, is testable, and is stated precisely so that it makes clear what variables are to be measured

Which of the following is a biotic-biotic interaction?

A squirrel gathering acorns from an oak tree

A multicellular consumer can obtain nitrogen for use by its cells in which of the following forms?

Amino acids

Which of the following is not an example of genetic engineering?

An agricultural scientists creates a hybrid strain of rice by crossing two rice varieties

Which of the resulting daughter cells will be radioactive?

Both daughter cells will be radioactive. In mitosis, daughter cells receive one of the identical sister chromatids making up each replicated chromosome, and each sister chromatid contains radio-labeled nucleotides

Which parts of a resulting sister chromatid will be radioactive?

Both of the resulting sister chromatids will be radioactive. DNA replication is semi-conservative. Each existing, non-radioactive single strand acts as a template for a new complementary, radio-labeled strand. Each sister chromatid contains DNA consisting of one old strand and one new, radio-labeled strand

Describe two similarities between transcription and translation

Both transcription and translation involve the transfer of genetic information from one form to another. Both involve enzymes that join monomers to form polymers. Both rely on complementary base pairing. Both rely on functions carried out by RNA.

Small birds eat insects from the backs of rhinoceroses. The birds obtain food, and the rhinoceroses eliminate biting insects from their skins. Which ecological relationship is not represented by this situation?

Commensalism

Identify two differences between the daughter cells produced by meiosis and those resulting from mitosis

Daughter cells resulting from meiosis have half the normal chromosome number and can function as gametes. The daughter cells all differ in the genetic information they contain, while mitosis produces identical daughter cells.

Which piece of evidence best supports the following statement? "In an ecosystem, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change"

Decomposers return nutrients to the environment

Which is the most challenging step in developing effective gene therapy for human diseases?

Delivering the gene into the cells of the body

Which pair of structures is homologous, but not analogous?

Dolphin flipper and bird wing because the dolphin flipper and bird wing are made up of the same types of bones, but they have different purposes

In humans, the genes HERC2 and OCA2 are both located on chromosome 15. These genes, along with others determine eye color. Which conclusion can be drawn about eye color in humans?

Eye color is a polygenic trait

Which pair consists of terms that represent equivalent units of information?

Gene: Polypeptide

Describe two processes that occur in meiosis, but do not occur in mitosis

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and crossing-over occurs between them. Homologs separate, producing haploid daughter cells. All the stages of mitosis occur twice in meiosis.

Which statement best describes the baleen whale structure that used to be used by the Basilosaurus?

It is a vestigial structure that indicates the whale's evolutionary history because it is nonfunctional and it indicates descent from a species with a fully functional version of the structure

Which is one way that natural selection differs from genetic drift?

Natural selection depends on some traits helping individuals survive in their environment

Turner syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs in females, who are born with only a single X chromosome. Which of the following identifies the type of chromosomal mutation that causes Turner syndrome?

Nondisjunction

Which statement best explains why the replication of DNA is called semiconservative?

One strand of a DNA double strand forms later than the other.

A scientists is comparing an ecosystem in the savanna biome to an ecosystem in the grassland biome over the course of one year. Which of the following features will he most likely encounter in both ecosystems?

Periods of dry weather

The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is an inorganic form of carbon. Organic compounds contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Which process in the carbon cycle changes carbon to an organic form?

Photosynthesis

Light penetrates the clear water of the open ocean more deeply than it does lake water. Phytoplankton is found deeper in the open ocean than in freshwater lakes. What does this observation best indicate?

Phytoplankton populations are limited by their ability to photosynthesize

Which statement describes the function of producers in Earth's biogeochemical cycles?

Producers remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and add oxygen to the atmosphere

A scientist uses enzymes to splice genetic DNA into a plasmid, and then inserts the plasmid into a cell. Which of the following is most likely an application of this process?

Producing a vaccine against the human papillomavirus

A cell in the process of cell division contains the normal chromosome number. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids. During which stages and processes can such a cell exist?

Prophase I of meiosis and prophase of mitosis

Identify one difference between the synthesis of proteins used within the cell and the synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from the cell.

Proteins that will be used within the cell are synthesized by the loose ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Proteins that are to be secreted are synthesized by ribosomes in the rough ER

A gene specifies a protein that is to be secreted by the cell. Which sequence traces the path of the protein through the cell?

Rough ER, Vesicle, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicle

Identify a path of energy from the sun to humans, through the ecosystem. Your response should take the form of a food chain.

Sunlight, phytoplankton, mussels, crabs, humans.

ACTGCAATTCAAAGT

TGACGTTAAGTTTCA

Which trophic level is generally the smallest in a terrestrial ecosystem?

Tertiary consumer

The gene for seed shape in pea plants has two alleles, resulting in either smooth or wrinkled peas. A pea plant with one smooth allele and one wrinkled allele produces only smooth peas. Which conclusion can be drawn?

The allele for wrinkled seeds is recessive

Suppose all of the ribosomes in a cell were destroyed. How would this most likely affect the process of gene expression?

The amino acids could not be joined to form a protein

What does it mean when chromosomes are aligned in the center of a cell undergoing division?

The cell is in metaphase

Which sentence lists events in the cell cycle in correct order, from earlier to later

The chromosomes replicate, and then the nuclear membrane dissolves

Water changes phase over the course of the water cycle. Which process in the water cycle most directly results from condensation

The formation of clouds and precipitation

Under which of the following conditions would a dominant allele that coded for a fatal disease most likely remain in a population?

The gene is expressed in individuals late in their lives

Which of the following is an observation rather than an inference?

The hoof print alongside the trail looks like a deer hoof

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who determined how traits are inherited in pea plants. Mendel's first law of inheritance states that the two alleles for a gene in an individual will be packaged in different gametes. Half the gametes will contain one allele, and half will contain the other allele. Which best describes his first law?

The law describes a pattern of inheritance observed in nature

Fruit flies normally have red eyes. A recessive allele causes some fruit flies to have purple eyes. Which statement describes the purple eyed offspring of a red-eyed parent and a purple eyed parent?

The offspring has two chromosomes with a recessive allele present on each

A particular gene has two alleles, G and g. Each allele has a frequency of 50% in a population. Which is most likely to preserve these allele frequencies?

The population doubles in size over several generations

An organisms's niche is the role it occupies in an ecosystem. For example, a cheetah's niche in the savanna ecosystem is that of a hunter of gazelles and other medium sized, fast running herbivores. The principle of competitive exclusion states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in the same ecosystem. Which statement is true regarding this scientific principle?

The principle can be used to support a theory explaining how species change

Describe two processes that occur in both meiosis and mitosis

The same phases involved in meiosis and mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Both processes form daughter cells via cytokinesis

Which statement describes a cell's chromosomes at the beginning of prophase of meiosis I

The sister chromatids are joined at the centromere

Which statement correctly describes the alleles for any gene in a female cat's body?

They may have the same or different DNA sequences, but are located on separate chromosomes

Viruses cannot transcribe or translate their own genes, but can invade host cells that do so. Coxsackie viruses can affect the skin, the lining of the mouth, or the internal organs. Some coxsackie viruses contain genes for proteins that disrupt the function of the Golgi apparatus. How do these viral proteins affect the host cell?

They prevent the host cell from secreting synthesized proteins

Describe two differences between transcription and translation

Transcription takes place in the nucleus while translation takes place in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Transcription produces mRNA from nucleotides while translation produces protein or polypeptide chains from amino acids.

Fossils of species such as the Basilosaurus have been discovered in the deserts of the Middle East. Which term best describes this fossil in relation to the evolution of the modern baleen whale?

Transitional because the Basilosaurus shares features with whales and mammals that walked on land, making this a transitional form between terrestrial whale ancestors and modern whales

Alagille syndrome results when a segment of chromosome 2 attaches to chromosome 20, and a segment of chromosome 20 attaches to chromosome 2. What type of chromosomal mutation causes this disorder?

Translocation

Compare a person's trophic level when consuming a seaweed salad and when consuming a fillet of striped bass

When consuming a seaweed salad, a person is acting as a primary consumer. When consuming striped bass, the same person is acting as a tertiary or quaternary consumer

State a good hypothesis that allows scientists to determine whether the red spotted purple phenotype is an adaptation for Batesian mimicry

When placed in the same area, white admiral butterfly models acquire more predation-related damage than red-spotted purple models.

Which of the following statements describes an interaction between two abiotic factors in an ecosystem?

Wind carries sand particles and deposits them on a beach