Biology- Unit 4 Test
glycolysis
in the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules. this is an energy producing process, but a small amount of energy is needed to get it started
glucose
the major product of photosynthesis C(6)H(12)O(6). it is produced from the 3-carbon molecule made in the light independent reactions/calvin cycle
electron transport chain
the movement of electrons pumps hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane, powering the conversion of adp to atp. both the kreb's cycle and electron transport chain require oxygen
mitochondria
the organelle that is the site of atp production
what is the source of all energy in living systems?
the sun
where are the pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis located?
thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
the first stage of photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small, stacked sacs called what?
thylakoids
where does water enter photosynthesis?
thylakoids
what is the major goal of cellular respiration?
to create atp
where do light dependent reactions occur?
tylakoids
which molecule is produced in the light independent reactions/calvin cycle that can become carbs (like glucose), protein, or lipids (fats)?
3-carbon molecule
what is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis?
6CO(2) + 6H(2)O >> 6O(2) + C(6)H(12)O(6)
what is chemical reaction of cellular respiration?
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) >> 6H(2)O + 6CO(2)
what are 2 examples of high energy bonds?
C-C C-H
what are 2 examples of low energy bonds?
C-O H-O
cytoplasm
a jellylike fluid inside a cell where the organelles are suspended
NADP+
a molecule that can accept and carry electrons. it is used to power the light independent reactions/ calvin cycle
NADPH
a molecule that carries electrons to the light independent reactions to power it
adp
a molecule that stores and releases energy easily in a cell. it has less energy than atp. when a phosphate is added to it, it becomes atp
atp
a molecule that stores and releases energy easily in a cell. when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates is broken, energy is released and can be used to power the calvin cycle
matter
a physical substance—either an atom or collection of atoms. it takes up space, and has volume and mass
cellular respiration
a process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen
what describes the process of aerobic cellular respiration?
a process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen, forming new compounds
fermentation
a process that living organisms can do to produce atp in the absence of O(2)
what everyday item functions in a way similar to adp/atp?
a rechargeable battery
photosynthesis
a set of chemical reactions used by plants and other autotrophs to convert sun energy into chemical energy stored in carbs
light independent reactions (calvin cycle)
a set of reactions during photosynthesis that uses atp and nadph to build high energy compounds. during this phase, carbon dioxide enters and 3-carbon molecules are produced
light dependent reactions
a set of reactions in photosynthesis that used energy from the sun to create atp and nadph. during this phase, water enters and oxygen gas leaves
what describes the conversion of adp to atp?
an input of energy to attach a third phosphate group
in cellular respiration, the first stage, glycosis, occurs in _____ conditions. the second and third stages, the kreb's cycle and electron transport, require _____ conditions
anaerobic ; aerobic
cells use a molecule called _____ to store and release energy like a battery
atp
what are the 2 major outputs of the light-dependent reactions that help complete the process of photosynthesis?
atp and nadph
where does the carbon in glucose come from?
carbon dioxide
photosynthesis converts the energy from sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of _____
carbs
living things need energy to carry out their life processes. animals get this energy from food through a process called _____ _____
cellular respiration
matter stores...
chemical potential energy within the bonds and structure of molecules
fats, proteins, and carbs can store different amounts of energy because they have different _____ _____ and different numbers of energy-storing chemical bonds
chemical structures
during photosynthesis, cells capture the energy of sunlight using _____, which is a type of _____
chlorophyll, pigment
where does glycolsis occur?
cytoplasm
both _____ and _____ can be transformed (changed)
energy and matter
what is the connection between calories and food?
energy stored in food is expressed in units of calories
kreb's cycle
enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix rearrange the carbon compounds. this releases electrons for the electron transport chain
stroma
fluid portion of chloroplasts (like cytoplasm). location of light independent reactions/calvin cycle
what happens to food in order for it to provide us the energy we need to live?
food molecules contain chemical energy that is released when their chemical bonds are broken
what are the 3 major stages of cellular respiration?
glycosis, kreb's cycle, electron transport
what does in and out during the kreb's cycle?
in- C(2), O(2) out- atp, fadh(2), CO(2), nadh
what goes in and out of light independent reactions?
in- CO(2), atp, nadph out- 3-carbon molecule
what goes in and out during glycolsis?
in- glucose out- pyruvates, atp, nadh
what does in and out of the electron transport chain?
in- nadh, fadh(2), O(2) out- atp, H(2)O
what goes in and out of light dependent reactions?
in- sunlight, H(2)O out- O(2), atp, nadph
where does the electron transport chain occur?
inner membrane of mitochondria
why is atp useful for cells?
it can release and store energy by breaking and reforming bonds between its phosphate groups
what happens to matter during photosynthesis?
it isn't created or transformed, but stores energy for photosynthesis to be able to occur
what happens to matter during chemical reactions?
it isn't destroyed, but can be transformed
what happens to energy during photosynthesis?
it starts in the reactants (as light energy) and moves to the glucose (as chemical energy)
what happens to energy during cellular respiration?
it transforms into atp from adp
what part of atp is the key to its ability to store and release energy easily?
it's 3 phosphate groups
what is the role of nadph in photosynthesis?
it's an electron carrier used to power the light independent reactions/ calvin cycle
what happens to energy during a chemical reaction?
it's released into the environment, or absorbed by other molecules. it can also be transformed
during what stage of photosynthesis is oxygen gas produced?
light dependent reactions
pigment
light-absorbing molecule that can absorb sun energy
where does the kreb's cycle occur?
matrix
photosynthesis also relies on a compound called _____ which is an electron _____ that accepts and transfers high-energy electrons
nadh+ , carrier
what describes the relationship between the 2 sets of reactions of photosynthesis, which are light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions?
only the light-independent reactions produce sugars, but they depend on products of the light-dependent reactions
chloroplast
organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place
the energy is stored in chemical bonds between _____ groups of the molecule, and the energy is released when the chemical bonds are broken
phosphate
how does the suns energy flow into living systems?
photosynthesis
plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight in the process of _____
photosynthesis
what is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
photosynthesis removes CO(2) from the air, and cellular respiration puts it back. photosynthesis releases O(2) into the air, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food
chlorophyll
pigment in plant cells that captures the energy of sunlight
describe the transformation of energy that occurs during photosynthesis
plants convert sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbs
energy can be _____ or _____ when chemical reactions take place
released or absorbed
what happens to matter during cellular respiration?
some leaves the cell and some stays
what structures allow gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen gas (and water too) to enter and leave the cell?
stoma/ stomates
where do light independent reactions occur?
stroma
thylakoid
structure inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll in membrane. location of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
what is the source of energy used for photosynthesis?
sunlight
energy
the ability to do work, move, or change matter
how is chemical energy released from food in our cells?
the cell releases the chemical energy in food molecules a little bit at a time, trapping the energy in the form of atp
3-carbon molecule
the end product of the light-independent reactions/ calvin cycle. it can be converted into carbs/sugars, proteins, or fat/lipids
during photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and _____ are converged through a series of reactions of into two products: high-energy _____ and _____ gas
water, sugars, oxygen
what describes the relationship between adp and atp?
with an input of energy, adp combines with a phosphate group to become atp
