Block 1

True or false: Social learning theory explains how a given individual falls into a social circle that defines an activity in positive terms.

False

Identify a true statement about the synthetic era of drug consumption.

It started when scientists began to create drugs entirely from chemicals whose combinations are not found in nature.

According to Bruce Johnson, drug use occurs because _____.

adolescents are socialized into progressively more unconventional groups

Most of the research attempting to demonstrate a genetic factor in drug abuse has focused on the addiction to _____.

alcohol

In addition to prescription drugs and numerous drug-based patent medicines used before the twentieth century, a wide variety of popular beverages sold at the time contained one or more psychoactive substances, mainly

cocaine

Which of the following are true about alcohol consumption after the 1960s?

- After 1998 and into the twenty-first century, the consumption of alcohol began to inch upward. - Alcohol consumption declined steadily throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

Which of the following are true about alcohol consumption after the 1960s? (Check all that apply.)

- After 1998 and into the twenty-first century, the consumption of alcohol began to inch upward. - Alcohol consumption declined steadily throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

Several notable innovations took place in the nineteenth century that currently make highly potent drugs available in a highly reinforcing form. Identify these notable innovations. (Check all that apply.)

- Cocaine was isolated from coca leaves. - Diacetylmorphine was synthesized from morphine.

Which of the following events occurred first in the transformative era of drug consumption? (Check all that apply.)

- Cocaine was isolated from coca leaves. - Diacetylmorphine was synthesized from morphine. - Morphine was extracted from opium.

Identify the derivatives of opium that were synthesized in the nineteenth century. (Check all that apply.)

- Codeine - Morphine

Identify the indirect alcohol-related indicators used to determine consumption figures during the Prohibition years. (Check all that apply.)

- Hospital admissions for alcohol-related dementia - The rates of cirrhosis of the liver - Arrests for drunk and disorderly conduct

Identify a true statement about alcohol consumption after the 1960s.

Alcohol consumption reached a post-Prohibition peak somewhere between the late 1970s and the early 1980s.

Identify an accurate statement about Carlton Turner's views on drugs during the Reagan administration.

All drugs were equally dangerous

During the Reagan administration, Congress approved the _____ of 1988, which called for the death penalty for major traffickers.

Anti-Drug Abuse Act

Match the types of alcoholic beverages (in the left column) with the percentages of alcohol they contain (in the right column).

Beer- 5% Wine- 13% Distilled Spirits- 40-50%

_____ theories are those "kinds of people" explanations that postulate specific physical mechanisms in individuals that impel or influence them either to experiment with drugs or to abuse them once they are exposed to them.

Biological

The national prohibition act is usually referred to as the

Blank 1: Volstead Blank 2: Act

The projections backwards in time, based on a respondent's age and the age at which he or she began using one or more drugs are known as

Blank 1: retrospective Blank 2: estimates

The term Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 refers to the fact that potential drug users do not randomly fall into social circles of users but are attracted to certain individuals and circles because their own values and activities are compatible with those of current users.

Blank 1: selective Blank 2: interaction

According to Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 theory, what causes drug use, like most or all deviant behavior, is the absence of the social controls encouraging conformity.

Blank 1: social Blank 2: control

Identify an accurate statement about the similarity between self-control theory and routine activities theory.

Both consider opportunity a major piece of the puzzle.

True or false: According to Howard S. Becker's model, the three processes required to achieve pleasure from marijuana are independent of an individual's participation with other users.

False

True or false: According to Howard S. Becker, the content of the user subculture is primary.

False

True or false: According to a survey on illicit drug use by age in 2016, after the age of 35, drug use rises steeply to reach a peak point.

False

True or false: Historians have no record of the consumption of alcohol during the colonial times.

False

True or false: In reality, most of the people living in deteriorated communities abuse drugs.

False

Behavior that is not in accord with the norms of, and that tends to be condemned by, the majority is known as _____.

deviant

The problem-behavior proneness perspective of drug use argues that _____.

drug users are more unconventional and risk taking than nonusers

According to the Controlled Substances Act, Schedule II drugs are regarded as _____.

having a high potential for abuse

In contrast with members of more affluent communities, poor and minority communities are _____.

more likely targets for petty and organized criminals

Under the primitive medical conditions before the twentieth century, _____ was declared the most useful medicine at a doctor's disposal by many prominent physicians.

opium

According to sociology or social psychology, _____ denotes behavior that has a certain likelihood of getting the individual who enacts it in trouble.

problem behavior

The proponents of _____ theory conceive of crime as including not only crime itself but also a variety of other illegal, illegitimate, deviant, and self-interested actions.

self-control

The Monitoring the Future survey cannot confirm the national household survey's huge increase in drug use from the 1960s to the 1970s because

the Monitoring the Future survey on high school seniors did not begin until 1975

Prior to the twentieth century, _____ was one of the very few treatments capable of obliterating pain.

the administration of opiates

According to the Monitoring the Future survey

the chance that schoolchildren are using club drugs remains negligible

According to the Monitoring the Future survey on high school seniors, 1979 was

the high point in recreational drug use in the United States

According to experts, the movement from the first type of drug use to the second is far more likely to take place among _____.

the impoverished than among the affluent

According to the 1979-1991 national household figures, by 1991

the percentage of youths who said they used marijuana declined

The views of Carlton Turner, the White House drug advisor during the Reagan administration, on drugs

were extremely conservative

The first substance that was legally controlled in America in the second half of the nineteenth century was

Alcohol

Identify the impact of the movement to prohibit alcohol on American drinking patterns.

Employers stopped supplying their workers with liquor breaks.

During the 1970s, a majority of states made the possession of marijuana illegal, indicating that legislators sensed a less accepting public attitude toward marijuana

False

Which of the following acts prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs?

The Pure Food and Drug Act

The social learning theory of drug use holds that _____.

it is in the group setting where reward and punishment take place.

An accurate statement about President Ronald Reagan's war on drugs is that

it overwhelmingly emphasized enforcement

An accurate statement about the trends in the number of arrests on drug charges in the United States during the 1980-2006 period is that

it represents a tripling, an astounding increase

An accurate statement about the bill drafted by Dr. Hamilton Wright following the Shanghai Commission is that _____.

it required every drug dealer to register, pay a small tax, and record all transactions

An accurate statement about the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act is that

it superseded and replaced all prior federal drug legislation

An accurate statement about heroin is that

it was not sold commercially until 1898

The theory emphasizing the mechanism of negative reinforcement as a major factor in drug abuse is _____.

largely confined to drugs that produce a physical dependence

The central tenets of the sociological theory of differential association are that crime and deviance are _____.

learned in intimate, face-to-face interaction with significant others

According to David Courtwright (1982), a historian, a decline in the number of narcotic addicts in the United States came about as a result of

voluntary changes in medical practice

Identify the conditions that have made drug abuse especially attractive and appealing. (Check all that apply.)

- A feeling of hopelessness, alienation, depression, and anomie among many inner-city residents - The decay of much of the economic structure on which the lower sector of the working class rested

Identify the provisions of the Marihuana Act. (Check all that apply.)

- A requirement that all manufacturers, dealers, and practitioners register and pay a special occupational tax - The imposition of a tax on all transfers in the amount of $1/per ounce for transfer to registered persons

In the context of drug use, which of the following statements are true about nineteenth-century America? (Check all that apply.)

- According to Brecher et al. (1972), this time period "could quite properly be described as a dope fiend's paradise." - Public consumption of psychoactive substances was immense.

Identify the true statements about the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914. (Check all that apply.)

- It did not have an agreement as to how to interpret the law, which was ambiguous. - Its provisions were not clear about what was legal and what was illegal.

Identify the true statements about the White Paper on Drug Abuse, a document issued from the White House in 1975. (Check all that apply.)

- It stated that all drugs are not equally dangerous. - It stated that the government can contain the drug problem and limit its adverse effects.

Identify the measures taken in response to the Temperance movement between 1830 and 1840. (Check all that apply.)

- Local taverns were denied licenses. - Employers stopped supplying liquor on the job.

Match the types of young drug users based on their degree of unconventionality (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

- Mildly unconventional youngsters matches =They are likely to drink and experiment with marijuana, but do little else. Moderately unconventional youngsters matches =They are likely to drink alcohol more heavily than others, use marijuana regularly, and experiment with other drugs. - Highly unconventional youngsters matches=They are likely to become seriously involved not only with alcohol and marijuana, but also with more dangerous drugs as well.

Identify the types of distinct populations that existed in the United States in the nineteenth century. (Check all that apply.)

- Morphine addicts - Medical and pseudo-medical addicts - Opium smokers

According to Howard S. Becker, which of the following must happen for someone to become a marijuana user? (Check all that apply.)

- One must learn to enjoy the effects of the drug. - One must learn to perceive the effects of the drug. - One must learn the proper technique of smoking marijuana.

According to Denise Kandel, which of the following socialization agents are tightly related to drug use? (Check all that apply.)

- Parents - Peers

Which of the following types of parents are most likely to raise offspring who both engage in criminal behavior and indulge in drugs? (Check all that apply.)

- Parents who are lacking in strong affection for their children - Parents who fail to monitor their children's behavior - Parents who fail to recognize that their children are engaging in wrongdoing

According to the self-derogation perspective of the inadequate-personality approach to drug use, which of the following lead to low self-esteem in drug users and abusers? (Check all that apply.)

- Peer rejection - Physical stigmata - High expectations for achievement

In contrast with recreational drug use, identify the factors that drive heavy and chronic drug abuse. (Check all that apply.)

- Poverty - Community disorganization and disintegration - Hopelessness

In the context of the impact of the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 on the history of the U.S. drug laws, match the different types of addicts (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

- Pre-Harrison Act addicts matches =Medical addicts, mostly white, respectable, middle-class, middle-aged females, who harmed no one but themselves Medical addicts, mostly white, respectable, middle-class, middle-aged females, who harmed no one but themselves - Post-Harrison Act addicts matches =Predatory street criminals, increasingly inner city minority males, who lived by robbing and stealing Predatory street criminals, increasingly inner city minority males, who lived by robbing and stealing

In the context of drug use, which of the following statements are true about nineteenth-century America?

- Public consumption of psychoactive substances was immense. - According to Brecher et al. (1972), this time period "could quite properly be described as a dope fiend's paradise."

Match the types of Schedule drugs as categorized by the Controlled Substances Act (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

- Schedule III drugs matches =Include some barbiturates, nonamphetamine stimulants, and narcotics such as Percodan and Darvon Include some barbiturates, nonamphetamine stimulants, and narcotics such as Percodan and Darvon - Schedule IV drugs matches =Include Valium and other tranquilizers, and slow-acting barbiturates, like Phenobarbital Include Valium and other tranquilizers, and slow-acting barbiturates, like Phenobarbital

According to Denise Kandel, which of the following are the four main agents of adolescents' socialization. (Check all that apply.)

- School - Parents - Media - Peers

Which of the following events occurred first in the synthetic era of drug consumption? (Check all that apply.)

- The first barbiturate drug, Barbital, was synthesized. - Potent stimulants called amphetamines were synthesized. - Psychiatrists administered the first of the many antipsychotics, Thorazine, to mental patients.

Identify the true statements about the transformative era of drug consumption

- The key to this era is that a new substance is created from a natural plant product by means of a chemical extraction. - It began with discoveries and innovations that produced substances that are more potent than natural plant products.

In 1973, Bruce Johnson conducted a study on drug use in a college setting. Identify the conclusions of this study. (Check all that apply.)

- The more that adolescents are isolated and alienated from the parental subculture, the greater the likelihood that they will experiment with and use a variety of drugs. - If one has marijuana-using friends, one tends to use marijuana.

Identify the true statements about the natural era of drug consumption. (Check all that apply.)

- The natural era included the innovation of the distillation of alcoholic beverages. - The use of mind-altering drugs tended to take place either in a religious and ceremonial context or as medicine.

Identify the true statements related to the public and legislative antidrug mood of the United States. (Check all that apply.)

- The number of clients enrolled in methadone maintenance programs nationwide seems frozen in place. - Through the George Bush and the Obama administrations, the year-by-year number of admissions to drug treatment programs was virtually flat.

Identify the true statements about the antidrug policies or actions adopted by various former presidents of the United States. (Check all that apply.)

- The public and legislative antidrug mood of the country was firmly in place when Ronald Reagan left office in 1989. - Under Bill Clinton's administration, federal spending to control drug abuse increased more than 10-fold from $1.5 billion in 1989.

Identify the models that Bruce Johnson used to study drug use in a college setting. (Check all that apply.)

- The subcultural models - The socialization models

Identify the observations noted by the Monitoring the Future study of high school seniors. (Check all that apply.)

- The use of drugs increased between the mid- and late 1970s. - The percentage of high school seniors saying that drug use is harmful decreased between the mid- and late 1970s.

Identify the characteristics associated with drugs that are more likely to be discontinued. (Check all that apply.)

- They are more deviant. - They are illicit. - They are unacceptable and illegal.

The national prohibition act legally banned all beverages containing more than _____ percent alcohol.

0.5

By far, the drug that is consumed by the greatest number of people is

1) Ages 18-25 2) Ages 26-34 3) Ages 35 and above

The history of drug use in America is marked by wild swings between legal and social tolerance on the one hand and repression on the other. Arrange the events that occurred in this stretch of time from the 1600s to the late 1970s in their chronological order. (Place the earliest event at the top.)

1) Americans drank substantial, even enormous, quantities of alcohol 2) Alcohol consumption declined and the social and legal control of alcohol tightened 3) Alcohol control at the state level was followed by drug control 4) Drug legislation on a substantial scale was enacted 5) Public opinion and public policy

According to records, the high point in the nation's alcohol consumption was in the year

1830

Which of the following eras initiated the modern era of drug use

1960s

If 100 ounces of beer is poured into a bucket, then the bucket would contain

5 ounces of absolute alcohol

Which of the following is true of genetic factors of drug use?

Adopted children have rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents.

LSD

Choice, First synthesized in 1938, its effects were discovered in 1943 and was initially studied as a possible cure for schizophrenia. First synthesized in 1938, its effects were discovered in 1943 and was initially studied as a possible cure for schizophrenia.

PCP, or phencyclidine

Choice, Synthesized in the 1950s, it was first used as an anesthetic and animal tranquilizer. Synthesized in the 1950s, it was first used as an anesthetic and animal tranquilizer.

According to the Monitoring the Future survey, identify the substance whose use declined most dramatically and most consistently during the previous decade

Cigarettes

In 1884, a letter was published in a medical journal proclaiming a drug to possess anesthetic properties, the drug almost instantly becoming, in many medical circles, "a miracle of modern science." Which of the following was this drug?

Cocaine

Identify the examples of Schedule II drugs as categorized by the Controlled Substances Act.

Cocaine, methamphetamine, opium, morphine, methadone, and codeine

In 1970, Congress approved the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act that was typically referred to as the

Controlled Substances Act

What should become the central target of drug legislation and enforcement according to Robert DuPont in 1977?

Criminalization of marijuana

In March 1973, the Heroin Trafficking Act was sent to Congress; two months later the _____ was created.

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

Identify a major aspect of the drug scene that has a great deal of relevance to the anomie theory.

Drug dealing

One of the first orders of business of the Controlled Substances Act was to abolish the

Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN)

_____ was synthesized from morphine in 1874.

Heroine

Which of the following is a trend identified by a survey on illicit drug use by age in 2016?

Illegal drug use is strongly related to one's age or position in the life cycle.

Identify a difference between legal and illegal drugs.

Illegal drugs are considerably more expensive than legal drugs.

Identify a true statement about the trends in the variation of drug use in adults.

Illicit drug usage is relatively low among 11- and 12-year-olds.

Identify a true statement about drug use in the 1960s and/or the 1970s.

Illicit drug use for marijuana, cocaine, and hallucinogens skyrocketed from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s.

In contrast to compulsive drug abuse, identify a factor that causes the recreational drug use.

Involvement with a subcultural group

Identify a true statement about conflict theory of drug abuse.

It addresses the issues that much of the public finds most troubling.

Identify a drawback of Howard S. Becker's model of drug use.

It does not include any discussion of specific individual characteristics that cause someone to use drugs.

Identify an accurate statement about the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.

It imposed that the contents of a product had to be listed on the product's label.

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, which of the following is true of the world of a drug addict?

It is an undemanding world.

Identify an accurate statement about the selective interaction/socialization model.

It is both a subcultural and a socialization perspective of drug use.

Identify a true statement about prevalence rate.

It is crucial to not lose sight of the size of a given drug's user population.

Identify a characteristic of recreational drug use as suggested by conflict theory.

It is engaged in by a broad spectrum of the class structure.

Identify a characteristic associated with the positive reinforcement for drug use.

It occurs when an individual receives a pleasurable experience.

Identify an accurate statement about the Hague Conference.

It opened the door to domestic narcotics legislation.

Which of following states became the first state to outlaw the manufacture and sale of distilled spirits in 1846?

Maine

Identify a difference in the consumption of alcohol and cigarette smoking.

Many more people drink alcohol than smoke tobacco.

Identify the examples of Schedule I drugs as categorized by the Controlled Substances Act.

Marijuana LSD Heroin

Match the types of distinct populations or social circles of narcotic users that existed in the United States in the nineteenth century (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

Medical and pseudo-medical addicts matches=Mostly white, middle-class, middle-aged women. Mostly white, middle-class, middle-aged women. Opium smokers matches=Mostly Chinese immigrants Mostly Chinese immigrants Morphine addicts matches =The criminal underworld The criminal underworld

Identify a true statement in relation to the theory of metabolic imbalance of drug use.

Methadone maintenance based on metabolic imbalance has helped a certain proportion of addicts.

Identify a true statement about the continuance rate for illicit drugs.

Most persons who try an illicit drug give it up after experimentation.

What was the single purpose of the Anti-Saloon League organized in 1893?

National alcohol prohibition

How can comparisons between the sale of alcohol and its consumption be made meaningful?

The sale of each alcoholic beverage has to be converted into the total amount of alcohol contained in each.

Identify a trend noted by the 1979-1991 national household figures

One-third of young adults had used marijuana in the past 30 days, in 1979.

Identify a characteristic of drug abuse among poor, minority communities.

Poor neighborhoods are especially vulnerable to intrusions by drug dealers.

Identify an accurate statement about drug use in nineteenth-century America.

Psychoactive substances were freely available from a variety of different sources.

The outlines and foundation of the current drug policy were shaped and laid down during the

Reagan years

Which of the following presidents declared a war on drugs for the first time in U.S. history?

Richard Nixon

_____ argues that deviance and crime will take place if a motivated offender, something worth offending against, and someone who can defend or protect that which is offended against are present.

Routine activities theory

Identify the crucial factor in drug use that is examined by most sociologists.

The situations in which an individual is located

Which of the following is true according to the 1979 National Household Survey (NHS) on illicit drug use

The 1960 retrospective estimates for lifetime use for young adults age 18-25 are extremely low.

Identify a true statement about the data collection pattern of drug use from the 1960s to 1979

The 1979 national household survey made use of retrospective estimates.

Which of the following developments that took place in 1826 affected alcohol consumption?

The American Temperance Society was founded.

Which of the following leagues was organized in 1893?

The Anti-Saloon League

Identify an American federal law of 1914 that brought some control to the traffic in opiates and cocaine.

The Harrison Narcotic Act

Which of the following acts became law in August 1937?

The Marihuana Tax Act

According to the Monitoring the Future Survey, identify a trend that was noted in the 1970s.

The attitudes toward illicit drug use became increasingly tolerant.

Which of the following theories of drug abuse examines the broader, larger, structural factors, such as the forces that influence not merely individuals but members of entire societies, cities, neighborhoods, and communities?

The conflict theory

Identify a trend in the consumption of alcohol from 1790s to 1919.

The consumption of alcohol rose from 5.8 gallons in 1790 to 7.1 gallons in 1830.

Identify a difference between consumption levels and prevalence rates.

The legalization of drugs is more likely to influence consumption levels than prevalence rates.

In the context of the types of narcotic addicts, identify a true statement about a maintainer.

The maintainer takes just enough narcotics to avert withdrawal distress.

Bruce Johnson conducted a study on drug use in a college setting in 1973. Identify a conclusion of this study.

The more marijuana-using friends one has, the greater the likelihood of using marijuana regularly, buying and selling marijuana, and subsequently using hard drugs.

Which of the following is a reason for the difference in prevalence rates and consumption levels of drugs during the late 1970s to the early 1990s?

The number of heavy and chronic users remained fairly stable during this period.

refers to the number and percentage of people in the population who use a given drug during a designated period

The prevalence rate

Identify a true statement about alcohol consumption from colonial times to 1919.

The sale of alcohol was legal in most places from colonial times to 1919.

Which of the following theories of drug use argues that involvement in a particular social group with attitudes favorable to drug use is the key factor in fostering one's own drug use, and that involvement in a group with negative attitudes toward drug use tends to discourage such use?

The subcultural theory

Identify a sociological theory that states that the key mechanism in becoming criminal or deviant is the fact that one relates and interacts dissimilarly with social circles whose members define crime and deviance in favorable terms.

The theory of differential association

Identify a biological theory that explains drug use.

The theory of metabolic imbalance

Which of the following is true about pleasure-seeking narcotic addicts?

Their lifestyle is sufficiently disruptive that a legal job is not usually feasible.

Identify a pattern associated with alcohol consumption.

There is a steep rise in alcohol consumption during and after the teenage years.

Identify an accurate statement about socially disorganized neighborhoods.

These neighborhoods lack economic and social resources.

According to self-control theory, which of the following is true of crime and drug use?

They are basically the same sort of behavior.

In the context of the types of narcotic addicts, which of the following is true of maintainers?

They prefer to maintain a habit rather than risking what they have to achieve euphoria.

Identify a true statement about the Prohibition Party formed in 1867

They ran political candidates on an anti-liquor platform.

Identify a true statement about pleasure-seeking narcotic addicts.

They take narcotics in sufficient quantities and at sufficiently frequent intervals to achieve euphoria.

Identify the drug that is used the greatest number of times.

Tobacco

True or false: The Harrison Act was the single most important piece of drug legislation ever enacted in the United States.

True

True or false: The International Opium Conference, usually referred to as the Hague Conference, opened late in 1911.

True

Identify the key elements of the problem-behavior proneness dimension of drug use.

Unconventionality and the willingness to take risks

Which of the following statements is true according to Howard S. Becker's model of drug use?

Use, especially regular use, of marijuana takes place only through contact with other users.

The _____ theory of drug use argues that in a competitive, materialistic, achievement-oriented society, success is encouraged as attainable for all members but actually is attainable for only a small proportion of society.

anomie

In contrast with the alcohol consumption figures for the post-Prohibition era, the consumption figures during the Prohibition years

are based on indirect alcohol-related indicators

Following the Shanghai Commission, Dr. Hamilton Wright drafted a bill that sought to _____.

control drug traffic through federal powers of taxation

According to the inadequate-personality approach, drug abuse is a _____.

defense mechanism

In the context of the movement to prohibit alcohol, Dr. Benjamin Rush urged his fellow citizens to unite and beseech their leaders to

demand fewer taverns and heavier taxes on liquor

In contrast to previous American presidents, Richard Nixon had decided to solve the drug problem by making a commitment to reducing the

demand for drugs

A feature of the earliest drug laws in the United States is that they were

designed to stamp out the recreational use of opium

David Courtwright (1982), a historian, argues that the transformation of the addict population from medical to criminal addicts in the United States

did not take place between 1914 and 1924

The social learning theory proposes that the use and abuse of psychoactive substances can be explained by _____.

differential exposure to groups in which use is rewarded

In 1830, 60 percent of the alcohol consumed in America was in the form of

distilled spirits

In contrast to illicit drug use, alcohol consumption

does not take a substantial downturn until an individual is past the age of 65

W. A. Starnes, who ran a drug treatment clinic in Atlanta, declared that Coca-Cola, a beverage that contains caffeine and a mild extract of coca leaves, is _____.

doing more injury to the human race than all other drugs put together

A true statement about the use of alcohol is that eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century Americans

drank truly immense quantities of alcohol

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, _____ is an innovative adaptation to blocked or frustrated material success for many members of society who have learned to expect that success but who live in a setting in which high levels of achievement are all but impossible.

drug dealing

When the Controlled Substance Act was passed, it became clear that its priority lay mainly in

enforcement

Conflict theorists have focused their perspective more or less exclusively on the heavy, chronic, compulsive abuse of _____.

heroin and crack

According to the inadequate-personality approach of drug abuse, the more inadequate the personality of an individual, the higher _____.

his or her involvement with drug abuse

In comparison with legal drugs

illegal drugs are much more likely to be given up

According to the Controlled Substances Act, Schedule I drugs are

illegal under any and all conditions

In contrast with licit drug use

illicit drug use tends to peak sharply in late adolescence

According to self-control theory to drug use, a lack of self-control is caused by _____.

inadequate parental

Before the twentieth century, treatment for most diseases was

ineffective and dangerous in a substantial percentage of cases

According to the self-derogation perspective of the inadequate-personality approach to drug use, drug use and abuse are responses to _____.

low self-esteem and self-rejecting attitudes

The legislation called the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 introduced

mandatory minimum sentences for cocaine possession

The first systematic application of subcultural theory to drug use was made by Howard S. Becker, who focused on the process of becoming a _____ user.

marijuana

The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regards Schedule III-V drugs as having

medical utility

The American Temperance Society advocated

moderation in alcohol consumption

Metabolic imbalance is known to be a possible causal factor in _____ addiction.

narcotic

The first era of drug taking is known as the _____ era of drug consumption

natural

The consumption of alcohol declined after 1830 because

of the impact of the temperance movement

Howard S. Becker's model of drug use holds that _____.

one first uses drugs and, during the course of drug use, learns the necessary justifications that provide the motivations for further use

According to the researchers who emphasize the unconventional personality as a key factor in drug use, the adolescent more likely to experiment with and use drugs is _____.

one who is concerned with personal autonomy

With respect to personality, the adolescent less likely to experiment with and use drugs is _____.

one who values and expects to attain academic achievement

According to self-control theory to drug use, _____ is a factor that operated in the past but exerts a lifetime influence.

parental socialization

The proponents of the theory of positive reinforcement argue that _____.

physical dependence is not a necessary mechanism for drug abuse

After receiving a letter from Marsha Schuchard in 1977 about her concern with drug use, Robert DuPont, the head of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), felt that the heart of the drug problem was _____.

pot smoking

In the first systematic application of subcultural theory to drug use, Howard S. Becker was concerned with the _____.

question of how someone comes to use and experience marijuana in a way that it will continue to be used to achieve pleasure

According to the 1979 National Household Survey's (NHS's) retrospective estimates, LSD use

remained at an extremely low level in 1960

Historically, surgery practiced without opium was

savage, brutal, and horrifyingly painful

Identify a characteristic of negative reinforcement for drug use.

seek relief from pain

In the context of the number of arrests on drug charges in the United States during the early 2000 and aughts, the nationwide fervor to apprehend drug offenders

seems to have diminished

In order to explain drug use, _____ theorists situate their theory at the community level.

social disorganization

The _____ holds that behavior is molded by rewards and punishment, or reinforcement.

social learning theory

In contrast to the theory of differential association, the subcultural theory of drug use identifies

socialization as the assimilation of individuals into specific groups, with a resultant transformation in identity and behavior

In contrast to the theory of differential association, the subcultural theory of drug use identifies _____.

socialization as the assimilation of individuals into specific groups, with a resultant transformation in identity and behavior

The theory that tends to deal with the broader, structural factors related to an individual to explain drug use is called the

sociology

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, a person who is most likely to become a drug addict is _____.

someone who has attempted and failed at both legal and illegal means to achieve success

According to the social control theory, most individuals do not engage in deviant or criminal acts because of _____.

strong bonds with or ties to mainstream aspects of society

In contrast to alcohol consumption, regular cigarette smoking

takes the typical pattern of chronic use

Unlike illicit drug use, licit drug use

tends to be spread more evenly throughout the life cycle

According to the Monitoring the Future study of high school seniors

the trends in drug use during the 1970s paralleled attitudes toward drug use

The earliest drug legislation enacted in the United States was directed specifically at

the use and distribution of opium

Absolute alcohol refers to

the volume of ethanol that is contained in a given alcoholic beverage

According to the anomie theory of drug use, deviant behavior that includes illicit drug use takes place _____.

when avenues to material success are blocked off

The problem-behavior proneness dimension of drug use argues that _____.

without unconventionality, risk taking, and a certain tolerance for both, society is likely to be repressive