Blood & Lymphatic - AP Exam

leukopenia causes

-radiation therapy. - lead poisoning. - immunosuppressant drugs - AIDS

Humoral immunity takes care of intracellular viruses, whereas cellular immunity takes care of extracellular viruses.

False

________________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

Interferons

Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is TRUE?

Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements.

Which of the following is correctly matched? IgD - can cross the placenta IgM - smallest of the antibodies IgA - found in saliva and tears IgG - first to challenge the antigen IgE - transfusion reactions

IgA - found in saliva and tears

A person with type O blood should receive a blood transfusion from a donor with

O

Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called

lymph nodes

An increased amount of heparin in the blood might

slow down the clotting process.

This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

thymus

Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity? (1) cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells (2) antigen presented to T lymphocyte (3) activation of T lymphocytes (4) cytotoxic T cells attack target cells

(2) antigen presented to T lymphocyte (3) activation of T lymphocytes (1) cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells (4) cytotoxic T cells attack target cells

Healing after clot formation involves

(All of the Above) - clot dissolution. - repair of the damaged blood vessel by connective tissue cells. - clot retraction. - serum being squeezed out of the clot

Platelets

(all the above) - can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue - play a role in preventing blood loss. - are also known as thrombocytes. - are actually fragments of cells

Components of plasma

- Urea - Fibrinogen - Glucose - Albumin

Hematocrit is ____________ of the total blood volume

37% to 52%

In the platelet release reaction

ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated

_______is not found in plasma.

Glycogen

The HIV virus infects

Helper T cells

In which of the following situations might Rh incompatibility develop?

Mother is Rh negative; fetus is Rh positive

______________ is more likely to cause anemia than any of the other factors below.

Renal insufficiency

A woman has her right breast and right axillary lymph nodes removed. Which of the following might occur?

Right lymphatic duct drainage decreases causing edema in the right arm

______ determines which B-cell is cloned in an antibody-mediated response.

The antigen

When erythrocytes are destroyed, which of the following events occurs?

The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids

Interleukins are chemical signals by which immune cells communicate with each other

True

If your son is diagnosed with hemophilia, he would have

a disorder of the clotting process.

The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by

a fibrin polymer.

When the antigens on erythrocytes bind with antibodies in the plasma,

agglutination of erythrocytes occurs.

A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from

an allergic reaction.

A lysozyme is

an enzyme found in body fluids that destroys certain bacteria

In hemolytic disease of the newborn

antibodies from the mother cross the placenta and affect the fetus.

Antibodies secreted in breast milk

are IgA antibodies

These are the least abundant formed elements.

basophils

When defective erythrocytes are broken down,

bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin.

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

cancer cells

Lymph nodes are surrounded by a dense connective tissue called

capsule

During the inflammatory response,

chemical mediators are released.

Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis

coagulation (vasoconstriction -> temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug -> blood coagulation)

Mature erythrocytes

contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm

Which of the following is a subpopulation of T cells?

cytotoxic

The effects of cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of

cytotoxic c cells

Memory T cells can live up to

decades

All these can cause leukopenia except

dehydration

Which of the following functions is associated with the blood?

delivery of oxygen to tissue cells

______________ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites, and allergens.

eosinophils

The viscosity of blood is due more to _____________ than to any other factor.

erythrocytes

The condition characterized by overproduction of erythrocytes is called

erythrocytosis

The lymphatic system is involved in

fat absorption from the digestive tract.

A pyrogen is a substance that causes

fever

Transplanted tissues and organs that contain _________ _________ are rejected by the body.

foreign antigens

_____________ is not found in plasma.

glycogen

T cells are divided into two primary groups, effector and regulatory. Which of the following are regulatory T cells?

helper t cells

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly

helper t cells

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called ____________.

heparin; histamine

Which of the following substances causes increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, and vasodilation?

histamine

is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation. Swelling Pain Heat Impaired use

impaired use

Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to

increased bilirubin in his circulatory system.

Which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis?

increased erythropoietin levels

An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except

increased hypoxemia

Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation by

interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins

A protein that helps to protect the body against viral infections is

interferon

All these can lead to polycythemia EXCEPT

iron deficiency (excessive aerobic exercise, cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow, emphysema & dehydration = polycythemia)

Iron

is needed to produce hemoglobin

Plasma

is the liquid matrix of the blood

Lymph nodules are

located in the loose connective tissue of the digestive system

The antibodies that circulate in the plasma are made by

lymphocytes (of plasma cells), which are part of the immune system.

Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description?

lymphocytes - become macrophages

Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases

lymphocytes must recognize an antigen.

A deficiency of which of the following stem cells would result in a marked increase in the clotting time of blood?

megakaryoblast

The type of cell responsible for the secondary response is a

memory cell

Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include

migration of white blood cells to the site of injury

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

monocyte (also lymphocyte)

Macrophages are derived from

monocytes.

The most numerous of the leukocytes is the

neutrophil.

The two major types of phagocytic cells are

neutrophils and macrophages.

When large quantities of blood are lost, erythrocytes must be replaced to restore

oxygen-carrying capacity

Which of the following is mismatched?

pernicious anemia - loss of blood from the body (is actually hemorrhagic anemia)

For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, in which choice below are the components of blood correctly ranked in order of decreasing percent volume?

plasma, RBCs, WBCs

Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function?

platelets - phagocytize bacteria

During platelet plug formation,

platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels.

The inflammatory response

prevents the spread of an infection

Blood does not

produce plasma hormones.

A blood clot that forms when a blood vessel is cut is an example of blood functioning in

protection.

Lymph is similar to blood plasma but very low in

protein

The secondary or memory response

provides better protection than the primary response.

Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the

red bone marrow (ppt also mentions liver, spleen, thymus...ask about this)

Functions of plasma proteins include

regulation of osmotic pressure (via albumen I think)

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.

self antigens

Platelets release ____________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.

serotonin

In systemic inflammation, pyrogens

stimulate fever production

____ are part of cell-mediated immunity while ____ are part of antibody-mediated immunity.

t cells, b cells

Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.

the liquid portion of blood; the cells

Mr. Smith moved from a low altitude to a high altitude and experienced an increase in RBCs. Which of the following caused this increase?

the lower oxygen concentration seen at higher altitudes

The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that

the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues

The hematocrit is

the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood.

Each hemoglobin molecule

transports four oxygen molecules.

Hemoglobin

transports oxygen in the blood.