Body Cavities, Anatomy and Physiology Exercise 2-C/D/E/I/J

Differentiation

-if you are living you have to be able to develop a (stem) cell into a more specialized cell -stem cell (precursor) starts as cells in red bone marrow

Metabolism

-putting together al chemical processes and reactors -catabolism: breaking down chemical substances -anabolism: building up chemical substances

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism of homeostasis that acts in opposition to the stimulus. (Example: homeostasis of body temperature is an example of negative feedback. A stimulus takes the body away from the normal temperature and negative feedback mechanisms act to bring the temperature back to normal).

Positive Feedback

A physiological mechanism that acts to ENHANCE the original stimulus. Examples of positive feedback are less common for obvious reasons... blood clotting and labor during pregnancy are a couple of examples of positive feedback.

Receptors

A structure (sensory nerve ending) of the nervous system that detects stimuli. A structure which, on receiving environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve impulse that is sent to the control center.

Respiratory

Adds oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood Major organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive

Breaks down food into units that can be adsorbed into the body, eliminates wastes and non-digestible fiber in food Major organs: mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Mediastinum

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the medial walls of pleural cavities; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains *heart*, *thymus*, *esophagus*, *trachea* and *several large blood vessels*.

Thoracic cavity

Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum. Encircled by *ribs*, *muscles of the chest*, the *sternum* (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column (*backbone*).

Abdominal cavity

Contains *stomach*, *spleen*, *liver*, *gallbladder*, *small intestine* and *most of large intestine*; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.

Pelvic cavity

Contains *urinary bladder*, *portions of large intestine* and *internal organs of reproduction*.

Endocrine

Controls cell function with hormones; helps control body homeostasis Major organs: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes

Nervous

Controls cells function with electrical signals; helps control body homeostasis Major organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Parasagittal Plane

Divided the body or an organ into UNEQUAL right and left halves

Midsaggital Plane

Divides body into EQUAL right and left halves

Sagittal Plane

Divides body vertically into right and left halves

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Pleural cavity

Each surrounds a *lung*; the serous membrane of the pleural cavities is the pleura.

Cranial cavity

Formed by cranial bones and contains *brain*.

Vertebral canal

Formed by vertebral column and contains *spinal cord* and beginnings of *spinal nerves*.

Muscular

Moves bones and maintains posture Major organs: skeletal muscles and tendons

Effectors

Muscles or glands that receive a message from the control center and produce a desired EFFECT. Ex: produce sweat that allows water to evaporate from the surface of the skin and cool the body.

Oblique Plane

Passes through the body at an angle

Reproductive

Produces gametes; female uterus provides environment for development of fetus Major organs Male: Testes, ductus deferens, penis Major organs Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Skeletal

Protects major organs; provides levers and support for body movement Major organs: bones and cartilage

Integumentary

Provides a protective barrier for the body and aids in production of vitamin D; contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature thermoregulation Major organs: skin, and skin structures (hair, nails, sweat gland, oil glands)

Control Center

Region of the brain (hypothalamus) that receives, interprets, and acts on the message sent from the receptors. The control center will then send an electrochemical message along the efferent pathway of nerves to the effectors (muscles and glands).

Urinary

Removes nitrogenous wastes; maintains body fluid volume, pH, and electrolyte levels through urine production Major organs: kidneys, ureters,urinary bladder, urethra

Lymphatic

Returns fluid to cardiovascular system; detects and eliminates disease-causing organisms Major organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils

Abdominopelvic cavity

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Pericardial cavity

Surrounds the *heart*; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.

Homeostasis

The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of a stable, internal environment. The body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment.

Efferent Pathway

The nerve pathway sending an electrochemical message from the control center (hypothalamus of brain) to the effectors (muscles and glands).

Afferent pathway

The nerve pathway sending an electrochemical message from the receptors to the control center (hypothalamus of brain).

Cardiovascular

Transports nutrients, chemical messenger, gases and waste in blood Major organs: heart and blood vessels

Responsiveness

ability to detect and respond to changes

Reproduction

forming new life, reproduce/form new cells

6 Basic Life Processes

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

Movement

motion of whole body or body parts, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

Growth

total increase in body size, increase in cell number as you age