Body Cavities, Anatomy and Physiology Exercise 2-C/D/E/I/J
Differentiation
-if you are living you have to be able to develop a (stem) cell into a more specialized cell -stem cell (precursor) starts as cells in red bone marrow
Metabolism
-putting together al chemical processes and reactors -catabolism: breaking down chemical substances -anabolism: building up chemical substances
Diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Negative Feedback
A mechanism of homeostasis that acts in opposition to the stimulus. (Example: homeostasis of body temperature is an example of negative feedback. A stimulus takes the body away from the normal temperature and negative feedback mechanisms act to bring the temperature back to normal).
Positive Feedback
A physiological mechanism that acts to ENHANCE the original stimulus. Examples of positive feedback are less common for obvious reasons... blood clotting and labor during pregnancy are a couple of examples of positive feedback.
Receptors
A structure (sensory nerve ending) of the nervous system that detects stimuli. A structure which, on receiving environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve impulse that is sent to the control center.
Respiratory
Adds oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood Major organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Digestive
Breaks down food into units that can be adsorbed into the body, eliminates wastes and non-digestible fiber in food Major organs: mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Mediastinum
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the medial walls of pleural cavities; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains *heart*, *thymus*, *esophagus*, *trachea* and *several large blood vessels*.
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum. Encircled by *ribs*, *muscles of the chest*, the *sternum* (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column (*backbone*).
Abdominal cavity
Contains *stomach*, *spleen*, *liver*, *gallbladder*, *small intestine* and *most of large intestine*; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
Pelvic cavity
Contains *urinary bladder*, *portions of large intestine* and *internal organs of reproduction*.
Endocrine
Controls cell function with hormones; helps control body homeostasis Major organs: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes
Nervous
Controls cells function with electrical signals; helps control body homeostasis Major organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Parasagittal Plane
Divided the body or an organ into UNEQUAL right and left halves
Midsaggital Plane
Divides body into EQUAL right and left halves
Sagittal Plane
Divides body vertically into right and left halves
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Pleural cavity
Each surrounds a *lung*; the serous membrane of the pleural cavities is the pleura.
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains *brain*.
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains *spinal cord* and beginnings of *spinal nerves*.
Muscular
Moves bones and maintains posture Major organs: skeletal muscles and tendons
Effectors
Muscles or glands that receive a message from the control center and produce a desired EFFECT. Ex: produce sweat that allows water to evaporate from the surface of the skin and cool the body.
Oblique Plane
Passes through the body at an angle
Reproductive
Produces gametes; female uterus provides environment for development of fetus Major organs Male: Testes, ductus deferens, penis Major organs Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Skeletal
Protects major organs; provides levers and support for body movement Major organs: bones and cartilage
Integumentary
Provides a protective barrier for the body and aids in production of vitamin D; contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature thermoregulation Major organs: skin, and skin structures (hair, nails, sweat gland, oil glands)
Control Center
Region of the brain (hypothalamus) that receives, interprets, and acts on the message sent from the receptors. The control center will then send an electrochemical message along the efferent pathway of nerves to the effectors (muscles and glands).
Urinary
Removes nitrogenous wastes; maintains body fluid volume, pH, and electrolyte levels through urine production Major organs: kidneys, ureters,urinary bladder, urethra
Lymphatic
Returns fluid to cardiovascular system; detects and eliminates disease-causing organisms Major organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils
Abdominopelvic cavity
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds the *heart*; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.
Homeostasis
The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of a stable, internal environment. The body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment.
Efferent Pathway
The nerve pathway sending an electrochemical message from the control center (hypothalamus of brain) to the effectors (muscles and glands).
Afferent pathway
The nerve pathway sending an electrochemical message from the receptors to the control center (hypothalamus of brain).
Cardiovascular
Transports nutrients, chemical messenger, gases and waste in blood Major organs: heart and blood vessels
Responsiveness
ability to detect and respond to changes
Reproduction
forming new life, reproduce/form new cells
6 Basic Life Processes
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Movement
motion of whole body or body parts, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
Growth
total increase in body size, increase in cell number as you age