BTNY 110 Exam 2
What is the maximum percentage of solar radiation that ecosystems can convert into chemical energy under optimal conditions?
3%
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon sugar)?
6
The Calvin Cycle has another name that is often used to acknowledge another scientist who contributed significantly to its discovery. What is the name of that scientist?
Andrew Bensen
Where do the reactions of cellular respiration take place in a plant cell?
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
True or False: Cells in a plant that are carrying out photosynthesis do NOT need to perform respiration.
False
True or False: Electrons gain energy as they move through the electron transport chain.
False
True or False: Genotype refers to the physical expression of a trait in an individual.
False
True or False: Glucose is the compound that is exported from the Calvin cycle.
False
The oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from photolysis of
H2O
Which of the following statements about Roundup herbicide is FALSE
It was developed by Corteva Agriscience
Which of the following is NOT a benefit that farmers obtain from growing Bt cotton?
Less Expensive seeds
C4 plants separate the C4 and the C3 pathways by______ whereas CAM plants separate the two pathways by ______.
Location/time
During which stage in the first division of meiosis do crossovers take place?
Prophase
Transcription is performed by ______________.
RNA polymerase
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place inside a leaf cell?
Stroma of the chloroplast
True or False: For some loci, heterozygotes can outperform either homozygous genotype.
True
True or False: In a plant suffering drought stress, the stomata will close, leading to reduced carbon fixation.
True
True or False: In both C4 and CAM photosynthesis, carbon dioxide fixation occurs twice.
True
Which insect pest is known as a "billion dollar problem" in corn?
Western Corn Rootworm
Which of the following statements about Mendel's model of inheritance is FALSE?
When a recessive factor is present, it is always expressed
In a plant respiration occurs in:
all living cells
Leaves appear to be green because
chlorophyll does not absorb light in the green portion of the visible spectrum
In respiration, the Krebs cycle:
combines acetate from acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
True or False: It requires hundreds of complex genetic changes to go from teosinte to maize.
false
A photosynthetically active leaf will
fix atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates
Amino acids produced by the shikimate pathway are required to make all of the following EXCEPT:
glycogen
Chlorophyll molecules are pigments that absorb
light
Which of the following is responsible for production of proteins in the cell?
ribosomes
Which of these bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?
thymine
In glycolysis, ____ molecules of NADH are produced for every molecule of glucose converted to pyruvate.
two
How many molecules of PGAL are required to produce one 6-carbon sugar?
2
Meiosis has ____ cycles of division and produces ____ haploid cells from a single diploid cell.
2/4
The theoretical maximum number of molecules of ATP that can be produced through metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose in respiration is:
36
When Mendel allowed F1 plants to self-pollinate, what ratio of plants with the dominant trait to plants with the recessive trait did he observe in the F2 generation?
3:1
Agriculture appears to have begun independently in at least ___ different places at about the same time.
7
The compound that is phosphorylated to produce ATP in the last step of respiration is:
ADP
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis capture solar energy and produce which of the following compounds?
ATP & NADPH
What are the products from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis that provide the energy and reducing power for the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following statements about C4 photosynthesis is true?
C4 plants fix CO2 into the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate.
The Krebs cycle produces more ATP than NADH.
False
True or False: Photorespiration is an unnecessary process that plants would be better off without.
False
True or False: Photorespiration is favored when the concentration of CO2 available to RUBISCO is high.
False
True or False: Seed for most corn varieties grown by farmers in the United States is produced by self-pollination of an elite true breeding line.
False
True or False: The chromosomal locations of genes for a particular trait do not matter when trying to combine specific traits in a cultivar.
False
True or False: The electron transport chain generates a high concentration of pyruvate on one side of the internal membrane of the mitochondria; this gradient is used to make ATP.
False
True or False: The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis can operate during both day and night
False
True or False:A transgenic plant is one that has been genetically modified by selective breeding.
False
Which of the following steps of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
In a double-stranded DNA molecule, the two strands are held together by _________ .
Hydrogen bonds
In C4 photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is first fixed into a 4-carbon compound
In mesophyll cells
In plants and other eukaryotes, messenger RNA is produced in the ______.
Nucleus
The first stable molecule that is produced after the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle is a 3-carbon compound called
PGA
Which of the following describes translation?
RNA to protein
Which of the following is NOT a reason why famers grow Roundup Ready soybeans?
Roundup Ready seeds are less expensive than non-GMO seeds.
The Calvin Cycle is responsible for the production of
Sugars
Why don't CAM plants perform all of the reactions of photosynthesis at night when their stomata are open?
The Calvin Cycle requires ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The light-independent reactions can run without any input from the light-dependent reactions
Which is the following is NOT one of the goals of plant breeding and propagation?
To enhance susceptibility to specific pathogens
True or False: Agriculture predates any written language.
True
True or False: Carbon fixed in photosynthesis is the ultimate source of every organic molecule in all animals.
True
True or False: Domesticated crops can be quite different from their wild ancestors.
True
True or False: Expression of viral proteins in transgenic plants can make plants resistant to that virus.
True
True or False: For a quantitative trait that is influenced by many genes, some genes may have a larger effect than others.
True
True or False: Many complex traits are influenced by large numbers of genes that can interact in both positive and negative ways.
True
True or False: More than one gene can affect the same trait.
True
True or False: Mutagenesis, introgression of a trait from a related species, and production of transgenic plants are methods used to introduce a new desirable trait into your crop of interest.
True
True or False: The sequence of bases in the DNA of a plant contains information about the specific cells in which every gene should be expressed.
True
True or False: The sugar-phosphate backbones of the two DNA strands in a double helix run in opposite directions.
True
True or False: The use of monocultures in modern agriculture can leave crops susceptible to serious disease outbreaks.
True
After DNA is transferred into plant cells, each transformed cell is ______.
Unique
In RNA, which base is used in place of thymine?
Uracil
Electrons that are transferred from the reaction center of Photosystem II to the electron transport chain are replaced by electrons from which molecule?
Water
The industrialization of agriculture has led to ______ genetic variation.
a loss of
In a C3 plant stomata close _________ when the light dependent reactions are not producing ATP and NADPH.
at night
Genes encoding Bt toxins have been isolated from _______, modified, and transferred into various crop plants to protect the crop from insect pests.
bacteria
Sexual reproduction is common in all of the following types of organisms EXCEPT
bacteria
DNA can be physically injected into plant cells that lack (a) ______.
cell wall
In addition to carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy, what else is necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
chlorophyll
When oxygen is not available, which process can still generate ATP from glucose?
fermentation
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis use the products from the light-dependent reactions to produce ________ from CO2.
glucose
The active ingredient in Roundup herbicide is _________.
glyphosate
Which base always pairs with cytosine in DNA?
guanine
The first successful transgenic plants in agriculture were designed to improve the efficiency of crop production by making them:
herbicide resistant
As the number of genes that influence a trait _______, it becomes more difficult to place individuals into discrete classes.
increases
When a plant is placed in the dark for a long time it will
lose carbon through respiration
Which of these conditions favors photorespiration (oxygenase activity) over carbon fixation (carboxylase activity) by RUBISCO?
low CO2 concentration
In plants that perform C4 photosynthesis, malate is transferred from
mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells
Nucleotides are made up of which of the following components?
nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
The monomer unit of DNA is a/an __________ .
nucleotide
In eukaryotes, mRNA is processed in the _________ and translated in the _________.
nucleus/cytoplasm
The components of the electron transport chain in respiration are located:
on a membrane inside the mitochondrion
During C4 photosynthesis, CO2 from the atmosphere is fixed first into a 4-carbon compound called
oxoloacetate
As the correct tRNAs are brought into the ribosome, amino acids are joined together by _________ bonds.
peptide
A homozygous dominant tall plant (TT) is crossed with a homozygous recessive dwarf plant (tt). F1 plants are allowed to self-fertilize. What will be the phenotype(s) of the F2 plants?
ratio of 3 tall to 1 dwarf
As humans industrialize agriculture, a ______ number of people are required to feed a ______ population.
smaller/larger
Which of the following is NOT directly required for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
sucrose
The ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis provides energy and reducing power for
the Calvin Cycle
When an individual is heterozygous at a specific genetic locus
there are two different alleles at that genetic locus
If each individual diploid plant in a population only has one gene controlling flower color with three possible alleles, how many alleles will each plant have for flower color?
two
The presence of a dominant allele at a genetic locus
will mask the presence of a recessive allele
