The Appendicular Skeleton
Spine
A prominent ridge Runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula
Subscapular fossa
A slightly hollowed-out area on the anterior surface An attachment surface for the subscapularis muscle.
Coronoid process
An anterior projection distal to a large notch
Coracoid process
At the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula, the tendons of muscles attach to a projection of the anterior surface called _____
Intertubercular sulcus or groove
Between both tubercles
Clavicle
Collarbone
Anatomical neck
Distal to the head Is visible as an oblique groove
Humerous surface features
Head Anatomical neck Greater and lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus or groove Surgical neck Body Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Medial and lateral epicondyles
Glenoid cavity
Inferior to the acromion is a shallow depression, the glenoid cavity, that accepts the head of the humerus (arm bone) to form the glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint
Function of the appendicular skeleton
Its primary function is movement. It includes bones of the upper and lower limbs. Girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Deltoid tuberosity
Laterally, at the middle portion of the shaft, there is a roughened, V-shaped area serves as a point of attachment for the tendon of the deltoid muscle
Ulna surface features
Olecranon Coronoid process Trochlear notch Styloid process
Conoid tubercle
On the inferior surface of the lateral end of the bone is a point of attachment for the conoid ligament.
supraspinous
Serve as surfaces of attachment for the supraspinatus muscles of the shoulde
Scapula surface features
Spine Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Medial, lateral, and superior borders Superior and inferior angles Subscapular, supraspinous, infraspinous fossae
Clavicle surface features
Sternoclavicular joint Acromial end Conoid tubercle
Acromial end
The broad, flat, lateral end; articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint
Surface features of the radius
The head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna. Radial tuberosity Styloid process Interosseous tissue
Acromion
The lateral end of the spine projects as a flattened, expanded process called the _____, easily felt as the high point, or peak, of the shoulder
inferior angles
The medial and lateral borders join at the _______ angle.
Sternoclavicular joint
The medial end of the clavicle, called the sternal end, is rounded and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the __________
Which bones make up the pectoral girdle and free upper limb?
The pectoral girdle is made up of the clavicle and scapula. Each free upper limb includes the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Head of the humerous
The proximal end of the humerus Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Superior border
The superior edge of the scapula
Lateral border
The thick edge of the scapula closer to the arm is called the lateral (axillary) border.
Medial border
The thin edge of the scapula closer to the vertebral column is called the medial (vertebral) border. It lies about 5 cm (2 in.) from the vertebral column.
Humerous
arm bone, is the longest and largest bone of the free upper limb
Medial epicondyles
rough projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus to which the tendons of most muscles of the forearm are attached
lateral epicondyles
rough projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus to which the tendons of most muscles of the forearm are attached
Body of the humerous
roughly cylindrical at its proximal end, but it gradually becomes triangular until it is flattened and broad at its distal end.
infraspinous fossae
serve as surfaces of attachment for the infraspinatus muscles of the shoulde
Scapula
shoulder blade, is a large, triangular, flat bone with a ridge on its posterior surface
Olecranon fossa
the large posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended
Raduis
the shorter of the two forearm bones, is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm narrow at its proximal end and widens at its distal end.
Superior angle
the superior border, joins the vertebral border at the _____ angle
Ulna
thick and notched at its proximal end, and its wide triangular shaft tapers to become more narrow and cylindrical distally.
Olecranon
forms the prominence of the elbow.
Trochlea
located medial to the capitulum, is a spool-shaped surface that articulates with the ulna.
Styloid process
located on the posterior side of the ulna's distal end.
Trochlear notch
on the anterior side of the olecranon, receives the trochlea of the humerus to form part of the elbow joint
Lesser tubercle
projects anteriorly
Structure and amount of bones in the appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs Pectoral (shoulder) girdles Clavicle: 2 Scapula: 2 Free upper limbs Humerus: 2 Ulna: 2 Radius: 2 Carpals: 16 Metacarpals: 10 Phalanges: 28 Lower limb Pelvic (hip) girdle Hip, pelvic, or coxal bone: 2 Free lower limbs Femur: 2 Patella: 2 Fibula: 2 Tibia: 2 Tarsals: 14 Metatarsals: 10 Phalanges: 28 Number of bones = 126
Surgical neck
a constriction in the humerus just distal to the tubercles, where the head tapers to the shaft; it is so named because fractures often occur here.
Greater tubercle
a lateral projection distal to the anatomical neck. It is the most laterally palpable bony landmark of the shoulder region and is immediately inferior to the palpable acromion of the scapula mentioned earlier
Capitulum
a rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the bone that articulates with the head of the radius
Coronoid fossa
an anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed.