BUS 386 Ch 4 Quiz

four processes involved in social learning theory

-Attention -Retention -Motor Reproduction -Motivational

T/F for training to be effective, both learning and transfer of training are needed

T

extinction

The process of withdrawing positive or negative reinforcers to eliminate a behavior

Part Practice

An objective or task should be practiced individually as soon as each is introduced in the training program

Attitudes

are a combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to behave a certain way

open skills

are linked to more general learning principles

Goal setting theory

assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions -Goals influence a person's behavior by directing energy and attention, sustaining effort over time, and motivating the person to develop strategies for goal attainment

Massed practice

conditions are those in which individuals practice a task continuously, without resting

Spaced practice

conditions, individuals are given rest intervals within practice sessions

When should transfer of training be considered?

design or purchase of training

Reinforcement theory

emphasizes that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors

Social learning theory

emphasizes that people learn by observing other persons (models) whom they believe are credible and knowledgeable

information processing theories

give more emphasis to the internal processes that occur when training content is learned and retained.

Need theories

help explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes.

Intellectual skills

include concepts and rules, which are critical to solve problems, serve customers, and create products

Motor skills

include coordination of physical movements

Verbal information

includes names or labels, facts, and bodies of knowledge. includes specialized knowledge that employees need in their jobs

Modeling

involves having employees who already have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees

Retrieval

involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance

Logical verification

involves perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered.

need

is a deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time

Self-efficacy

is a person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn knowledge and skills

Positive reinforcement

is a pleasurable outcome resulting from a behavior

Negative reinforcement

is the removal of an unpleasant outcome

Valence

is the value that a person places on an outcome (e.g., how important it is to perform better on the job).

Verbal persuasion

means offering words of encouragement to convince others they can learn.

Learner-content interaction

means that the learner interacts with the training content.

theory of identical elements

proposes that transfer of training occurs when what is being learned in the training session is identical to what the trainee has to perform on the job

External conditions

refer to processes in the learning environment that facilitate learning

Internal conditions

refer to processes within the learner that must be present for learning to occur.

Boosters

refer to retrieval opportunities that can help the learner's brain consider training information as important and help retain it

Closed skills

refer to training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on their job

Self-management

refers to a person's attempt to control certain aspects of decision making and behavior

Learning

refers to a relatively permanent change in human capabilities that can include knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, and competencies that are not the result of growth processes

Generalization

refers to a trainee's ability to apply what they learned to on-the job work problems and situations that are similar but not necessarily identical to those problems and situations encountered in the learning environment, i.e., the training program.

Past accomplishments

refers to allowing employees to build a history of successful accomplishments.

Training administration

refers to coordinating activities before, during, and after the program

Error management training

refers to giving trainees opportunities to make errors during training

Communities of practice (COPs)

refers to groups of employees who work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished.

Metacognition

refers to individual control over one's thinking. Two ways that individuals engage in metacognition are monitoring and control

Performance orientation

refers to learners who focus on task performance and how they compare to others. -Persons with a performance orientation define success as high performance relative to others, value high ability more than learning, and find that errors and mistakes cause anxiety and want to avoid them.

Automatization

refers to making performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention

Perception

refers to the ability to organize the message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon

Semantic encoding

refers to the actual coding process of incoming messages

Overall task complexity

refers to the degree to which a task requires a number of distinct behaviors, the number of choices involved in performing the task, and the degree of uncertainty in performing the task.

Fidelity

refers to the extent to which the training environment is similar to the work environment

gratifying

refers to the feedback that the learner receives as a result of using learning content

Goal orientation

refers to the goals held by a trainee in a learning situation

Self-regulation

refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning

Expectancy

refers to the mental state that the learner brings to the instructional process

training context

refers to the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs

objective

refers to the purpose and expected outcome of training activities. There may be objectives for each training session, as well as overall objectives for the program

Far transfer

refers to the trainee's ability to apply learned capabilities to the work environment, even though the work environment (equipment, problems, and tasks) is not identical to that of the training session.

Instruction

refers to the trainer's manipulation of the environment in order to help trainees learn.

Transfer of training

refers to trainees effectively and continually applying what they have learned in training to their jobs.

Near transfer

refers to trainees' ability to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work situation

Climate for transfer

refers to trainees' perceptions about a wide variety of characteristics of the work environment that facilitate or inhibit the use of trained skills or behavior.

Cognitive strategies

regulate the processes of learning. They relate to the learner's decision regarding what information to attend to (i.e., pay attention to), how to remember, and how to solve problems.

working storage

rehearsal and repetition of information occur, allowing material to be coded for memory.

Learning orientation

relates to trying to increase ability or competence in a task -People with a learning orientation believe that training success is defined as showing improvement and making progress

Organizing

requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.

Elaboration

requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge, skills, or behaviors.

Expectancy theory

suggests that a person's behavior is based on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

stimulus generalization approach

suggests that the way to understand the transfer of training issue is to construct training so that the most important features or general principles are emphasized.

Lapses

take place when the trainee uses previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of trying to apply the capability emphasized in the training program

cognitive theory of transfer

the likelihood of transfer depends on the trainees' ability to retrieve learned capabilities

Rehearsal

the simplest learning strategy, focuses on learning through repetition (memorization).

andragogy

the theory of adult learning.

Adult learning theory

was developed out of a need for a specific theory of how adults learn. Most educational theories, as well as formal educational institutions, have been developed exclusively to educate children and youths

Social Learning theory process : Attention

-persons cannot learn by observation unless they are aware of the important aspects of a model's performance -influenced by characteristics of the model and the learner

expectancies

Beliefs about the link between trying to perform a behavior and actually performing

Social learning theory process: Retention

Learners have to code the observed behavior and skills in memory in an organized manner so they can recall them for the appropriate situation

Motor reproduction

Motor reproduction involves trying out the observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that the model received. -t he ability to reproduce the behaviors or skills depends on the extent to which the learner can recall the skills or behavior.

Instrumentality

a belief that performing a given behavior (e.g., attending a training program) is associated with a particular outcome (e.g., being able to better perform your job)

Whole practice

all tasks or objectives should be practiced at the same time