Cancer Unit
Cell Cycle Nonspecific Agent
alkylating agents
lymphoma
cancer in cells and tissues of the immune system
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
genetic testing that involves blood drawn, DNA isolated from white blood cells, and subjected to polymerase chain reaction in order to make copies of the gene of interest
eukaryotic cell
plants, animals, fungi cells; multicellular
cells have the ability to
- acquire materials and energy - respond to their environment - reproduce - maintain an internal environment (homeostasis) - adapt to their environment
Chemotherapuetic drugs during M phase
- alkaloids - taxanes
chemotherapeutic drugs
- alkylating agents - alkaloids - taxanes - antimetabolites
Chemotherapuetic drugs during Interphase - S Phase
- antimetabolites - topoisomerase inhibitors
cell division
- happens in centrioles - assists in dividing the genetic material and contents of cell during cellar reproduction
During transcription
- in nucleus, RNA polymerase exposes the nucleotide bases of the DNA to be transcribed - copy of mRNA is made from DNA strand and uracil is used instead of thymine - mRNA is edited and leaves the nucleus
cancer cells are different from normal cells by:
- irregular shape, larger nuclei with more genetic material - they're immortal because fo telomerase enzime that repairs telomeres - they lose ability to specialize and become tumors
During translation
- within cytoplasm, mRNA moves to a ribosome - tRNA read 3 nucleotides of the mRNA - for each codon, corresponding amino acid is brought to the ribosome by tRNA and assembled - the polypeptide is released and the ribosome and mRNA may be used again
Nucleotides are composed of
-. 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) - a phosphate group - a nitrogen-containing base
Place the following steps in the correct order to represent the stages of transcription. RNA polymerase identifies the gene to be expressed. The RNA polymerase and the complementary RNA strand are released along with the DNA, reforming a double helix. RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA, called the template strand, to produce a complementary RNA molecule. RNA polymerase exposes the nucleotide bases of the gene by unwinding the double helix.
1. RNA polymerase identifies the gene to be expressed. 2. The RNA polymerase and the complementary RNA strand are released along with the DNA, reforming a double helix. 3. RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA, called the template strand, to produce a complementary RNA molecule. 4. RNA polymerase exposes the nucleotide bases of the gene by unwinding the double helix.
cancer chance in females
33%
cancer chance in males
50%
What is the first step to determine if a patient is susceptible to a certain type of cancer?
A blood test to detect the presence of a specific mutation related to known cancer genes
In order for cancer to develop, which of the following events must occur? Select all that apply. A cell malfunctions and unregulated cell division occurs. Genetic material was copied without errors. Cell division is regulated. A cell malfunctions and apoptosis is triggered. Genetic mutation causes a cell to lose its normal genetic programming and control mechanisms.
A cell malfunctions and unregulated cell division occurs. Genetic mutation causes a cell to lose its normal genetic programming and control mechanisms.
Which of the following statements best describes how alkylating agents work as chemotherapy? Alkylating agents are not very precise and can insert into the DNA of any cell. Alkylating agents work to prevent the cell from replicating its genetic material, preventing cell division. Alkylating agents have no long term risks or side effects, making them useful tools for treating cancer. Alkylating agents insert themselves into the DNA of healthy cells, resulting in an increase in mitosis for healthy cells. These healthy cells can then help fight cancerous cells.
Alkylating agents work to prevent the cell from replicating its genetic material, preventing cell division.
Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of radiation therapy? Radiation damages the DNA within cancer cells, either slowing down cell division or stopping it altogether. Radiation therapy can be directed against specific cells and tissues within the body. Radiation therapy may shrink tumors, making them easier to remove surgically. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following are ways to differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells? Select all that apply. Cancer cells are produced to replace worn out cells.Cancer cells are produced to replace worn out cells. Cancer cells continue to divide even when they come into contact with other cells. Cancer cells are not regulated because they have lost the ability to control cell division. Cancer cells lack the ability to form spindle fibers.Cancer cells lack the ability to form spindle fibers.
Cancer cells continue to divide even when they come into contact with other cells. Cancer cells are not regulated because they have lost the ability to control cell division.
__________ carry nutrients and oxygen to cells and also remove waste materials.
Capillaries
The following list describes ways that CRISPR may be used to treat cancer. Which of the following describes immunotherapy instead of CRISPR therapy? Cytotoxic T cells may be stimulated, creating an immune response against cancer cells and shrinking tumors. Mutated tumor-suppressor genes may have their previous function restored, allowing normal regulation of cell division. Cancer causing mutations within cells may be corrected, preventing cancer from occurring. Mutated proto-oncogenes may have their previous function restored, allowing normal regulation of cell division.
Cytotoxic T cells may be stimulated, creating an immune response against cancer cells and shrinking tumors.
Which of the following is/are true about cancer cells? Select all that apply. Receive the correct signals for cell growth Lose their specialization Divide uncontrollably Undergo programmed cell death if there is a mutation
Lose their specialization Divide uncontrollably
___________ vessels are responsible for removing excess fluid from the tissues and participate in the immune response.
Lymphatic
Which of the following is true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle? Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned. Mitosis will still occur if the DNA is damaged or not replicated. Most cells that undergo mitosis cannot proceed through all the cell cycle checkpoints and end up undergoing apoptosis. The purpose of the cell cycle checkpoints is to ensure that mitosis results in haploid daughter cells.
Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned.
Which of the following is true about mutations? Mutations always involve a change in the resulting protein. Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations are always bad for the health of the organism. Mutations are always caused by mutagens, including radiation, chemicals, or viruses.
Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Which of the following correctly describes the process of angiogenesis? Select all that apply. Promotes the growth of local capillaries to grow toward the tumor. Causes normal cells to release chemical signals to promote blood vessels to cancer cells. Allows for oxygen to reach the tumor. Allows for nutrients to reach the tumor.
Promotes the growth of local capillaries to grow toward the tumor. Allows for oxygen to reach the tumor. Allows for nutrients to reach the tumor.
Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated? The tumor-suppressor gene will produce functional proteins that will speed up the rate of the cell cycle. The resulting tumor-suppressor protein would produce proteins that would promote the process of DNA replication and stop DNA repairs from occurring. The tumor-suppressor gene would produce tumor-suppressor proteins that would activate an oncogene. The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.
The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.
_________ cell division is a hallmark of cancer.
Unregulated
cancer
a disease that's caused by the inability of the body to control the division of cells
Cancer is a disease that begins with changes in the body at the cellular level due to ____________ cells dividing in a disorderly manner.
abnormal
Growth factors work as signalling molecules. When they bind to receptors on target cells, they function to_____________
activate proto-oncogenes, stimulating cell division.
Homeostasis is defined as __________. Select all that apply. adjustments in physiological processes to respond to changes that disrupt the internal environment. operating at the same set of conditions as the external environment. maintaining a narrow range of internal conditions to optimize the body's performance. allowing for large fluctuations in which enzymes of the body are still able to function correctly. utilizing negative feedback mechanisms to maintain internal conditions. mechanisms in place to regulate temperature, blood sugar, pH, and levels of chemicals in the blood.
adjustments in physiological processes to respond to changes that disrupt the internal environment. maintaining a narrow range of internal conditions to optimize the body's performance. ututilizing negative feedback mechanisms to maintain internal conditions. mechanisms in place to regulate temperature, blood sugar, pH, and levels of chemicals in the blood
These cancer cells will undergo __________ and form new tumors in a different location.
angiogenesis
prokaryotic cell
bacteria cell; single-cell
Homeostasis
boys ability to maintain a constant internal environment including pH, temperature, and blood chemistry
The immune system acts to defend and protect the body. Which of the following reasons would explain why cancer cells are able to escape the immune system? Cancer cells are not recognized as self cells yet the immune system still is unable to destroy the cancer cells. The immune system has developed immunological memory and can destroy cancer cells as they appear in the body. Cancer cells are not recognized as nonself cells and can continue to divide without attracting the attention of the immune system. The immune system is able to synthesize enzymes that alter the DNA sequence and correct any mutation.
cancer cells are not recognized as nonself cells and can continue to divide without attracting the attention of the immune system.
sarcoma
cancer in connective tissues, such as bone
carcinoma
cancer in lining of internal organs or skin
leukemia
cancer in white blood cells in bone marrow
metastisis/malignant
cancer spread(ing), very bad
If a cell bypasses these regulations, the cell may not be able to stop continuously dividing and it is on its way to becoming ____________
cancerous
Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because it____________
causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor.
Billions of new ____ are produced every day to repair damaged tissues or replace worn out cells.
cells
Cancer is a disease that occurs at the __________ level of biological organization of living things.
cellular
Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of ______________ to ensure that each new daughter cell contains the same genetic information.
checkpoints
At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must...
contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell
immunotherapy
convincing the body's immune system to identify antigen differences between self and cancer cells
Although there are many different forms of cancer, it is presumed that cancer is a disease caused by the combined effects of both genetic and _________ factors
environmental
cancer can be cause by genetic and ______________ factors
environmental
_________ , technology that allows scientists to alter an organism's DNA, is being applied to research on cancer to hopefully decrease the risk of cancer by correcting mutations and restoring the function of a cell.
genome editing
angiogenesis occurs as growth factors are released and small blood vessels called capillaries...
grow toward the tumor
cytosine pairs with
guanine
The production of cells is closely regulated by a variety of ______ and genetic mechanisms within the cell to ensure that only the correct type and number of new cells are produced.
hormones
The process of cell division is a highly organized series of events that produces cells that are genetically ________ to each other.
identical
As the number of cancer cells __________, they may spread and invade nearby tissues and organs, disrupting their physiological processes and their ability to survive.
increases
Each cell operates a biological factory and is specialized to carry out a specific set of ____________
instructions
Immunotherapies include the use of chemical signals to activate the immune system, such as __________, which are proteins that signal white blood cells to be active in an immune response.
interleukins
There are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. Of these three, which is responsible for the storage of genetic information?
its four nitrogen bases
cancer cells ____ their function; they become less specialized
lose
The generalized ____ of control over cell reproduction exhibited by cancer cells is the result of accumulated abnormalities and is reflected in several aspects of cell behavior that distinguish cancer cells from their normal cells.
loss
a tumor is
masses of unspecialized cells. they can be benign or malignant
Cancer cells may develop the ability to migrate to other parts of the body and undergo the process of angiogenesis and form new tumors. This process is called __________ and represents a serious threat to the body.
metastasis
If a malignant tumor comes into contact with the transport system of the body, this allows for the movement of cancer cells from one area of the body to other locations in the body. The spreading of cancer cells to new areas in the body is called _________.
metastasis
Although cancer may originate in many regions of the body, many patients die from cancerous growth in the lungs, lymph glands, or liver. This is most readily explained as________
metastasis occurring more commonly in organs that have a filter effect.
genes are units of genetic information that provide instructions for making ______
proteins
Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their_____________
rate of cell division.
melanoma
skin cancer; melanocytes
When the genetic programming of a small group of cells becomes faulty, the cells start to lose their ______________
specialization
active site is where the ____________ binds
substrate
genome
sum of all genetic information
gene editing
targets specific sequences of in DNA for editing (CRISPR most commonly used)
radiation
the movement of energy in waves or particles
Adenine pairs with
thymine
Gene expression two stages
transcription and translation
Both capillaries and lymphatic vessels are part of the _______ system of the body.
transport
Which term describes an overgrowth of abnormal cells that serves no useful purpose? oncogene tumor proto-oncogene tissue organ
tumor
During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form _____ identical daughter cells.
two
With no genetic control, the cells start to divide ________________ and the cells undergo more rounds of division than they normally would, making cells prone to replication errors.
uncontrollably
chemotherapy
use of drugs to treat disease
CRISPR
used to inactivate cell-cycle control genes that were nonfunctional
