CAS 325b chapter 7

Myesha has always been taught by her family and religious leaders to reject those who worship differently. After thinking about it, she realizes that she does not believe this any more. Which level of Kohlberg's model does her reasoning represent? Multiple choice question. Developmental Postconventional Preconventional Conventional

Postconventional

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral ___________and not enough on moral____________

Field 1: thought, reasoning, or thinking Field 2: behavior or behaviors

reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

preconventional

Religiousness in adolescents has been identified as the inclusion of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Frequency of discussing religious teachings. Experiencing a transcendent manner of living. Frequency of moral actions for religious reasons The overall importance of religion in everyday life

- Frequency of moral actions for religious reasons - Frequency of discussing religious teachings - The overall importance of religion in everyday life

In which of the following ways does adolescent thinking contributes to spirituality?

- Idealism - Abstract thinking - Logical thinking

Studies have shown that adolescents' religious participation is most influenced by their mothers because _____

- They tend to lead the family in prayer - They talk with their children about religion - They attend church more often than fathers

Moral exemplars are people who have moral:

-virtues -character -identity

Researchers have found religiousness has declined in the United States in adolescents from ______ to 20 years of age. Multiple choice question.

14

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are Multiple choice question. arbitrary and cannot be changed. arbitrary and can be changed by consensus. obligatory and can be changed by consensus. obligatory and cannot be changed.

Arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.

The use of character education is promoted within the school system through the use of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Avoidance of a care perspective Class discussion of cheating Rewarding positive behaviors Sanctions for inappropriate behaviors

Class discussion of cheating Rewarding positive behaviors Sanctions for inappropriate behaviors

______reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Conventional

In conventional reasoning, the second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals: Multiple choice question. form their own code of ethics. rebel against the society. develop expectations about social roles. prioritize own needs over those of others.

Develop expectations about social roles.

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience? Multiple choice question. Justice perspective Kohlberg's theory Care perspective Domain theory

Domain theory

The description of an injured individual releasing the injuring person from possible behavioral retaliation is called

Forgiveness

Moral character involves which of the following components?

Having the the ability to persist Overcoming distractions and disappointments Showing strong convictions

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of how adolescents think about right and wrong? Multiple choice question. He did experimental research on a large population of teens. He did correlational research. He conducted natural observations. He interviewed individuals of different ages.

He interviewed individuals of different ages.

Prosocial behavior appears to increase in adolescents as a result of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Increased volunteer opportunities Decreased idealistic reasoning Increased emotional understanding Improved abstract reasoning

Improved abstract reasoning Increased emotional understanding Increased volunteer opportunities

Research has identified gratitude of adolescents 10 to 14 years of age demonstrated which of the following characteristics four years later? (Select all that apply.)

Increased life satisfaction Decreased depression Increased happiness Decreased negative emotions

What did Kohlberg consider the most significant factor in the changing morality of adolescents? Multiple choice question. Interaction with peers Fear of legal repercussions Religious moral codes Morals imposed by adults

Interaction with peers

What distinguishes Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning from earlier levels? Multiple choice question. It is based on ideas of punishment and reward. It is unattainable. It is based on internal morality. It is more externally influenced.

It is based on internal morality.

The theorist who developed a theory of adolescent moral development that unfolds in a series of stages was Multiple choice question. Piaget. Kohlberg. Bandura. Erikson.

Kohlberg

Alden explains to his young son that traffic laws need to be followed by everyone for the good of the community. According to Kohlberg, what type of reasoning does this rely on? Multiple choice question. Level 1, preconventional reasoning Level 2, conventional reasoning Level 3, postconventional reasoning Level 4, foreconventional reasoning

Level 2, conventional reasoning

Research has found the universality of Kohlberg's theory in which of the following levels? Multiple choice question. Levels 1 and 2 Levels 1 through 3 Level 1 only Level 2 only

Levels 1 and 2

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people? Multiple choice question. Emotional Physical Cognitive Moral

Moral

___ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

Moral

Austin is thirteen years old. His football coach has told him he demonstrates high moral performance. This description would indicate Austin has which of the following characteristics? Motivation to act a specific moral way The ability to construct certain behaviors He is capable of performing his skills He has an awareness of moral regulations

Motivation to act a specific moral way

Which of the following are true according to Kohlberg? Multiple select question. Opportunities for give-and-take or perspective taking are likely to be provided by children's and adolescents' peer relations. Family processes are essentially important in children's and adolescents' moral development. Many aspects of parent-child relationships influence children's and adolescents' moral development. Parent-child relationships usually provide children with little opportunity for give-and-take or perspective taking.

Opportunities for give-and-take or perspective taking are likely to be provided by children's and adolescents' peer relations. Parent-child relationships usually provide children with little opportunity for give-and-take or perspective taking.

Kohlberg argued that which of the following factors influence an individual's movement through the moral stages? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Peer interaction Cognitive conflict Direct instruction from parents Role-taking opportunities

Peer interaction Cognitive conflict Role-taking opportunities

"What's in it for me?" describes an attitude common in which level of Kohlberg's model of moral development? Multiple choice question. Conventional Preconventional Empathetic Postconventional

Preconventional

Jonah is with his friends who have decided to cheat by writing notes for their history quiz on their arms. Jonah is likely to go along with this as a result of which of the following? (Select every correct answer.) Multiple select question. A slim chance of getting caught Pressure from his friends He knows the teacher will not care It is his nature to do this

Pressure from his friends It is his nature to do this A slim chance of getting caught

The basic processes of positive adolescent moral development involve which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Avoidance Reinforcement Punishment Imitation

Reinforcement Punishment Imitation

At the preconventional level, what might motivate moral behavior? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Philosophical study Reward Self-examination Punishment

Reward Punishment

Schools have taught adolescents moral development with a hidden curriculum through which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Rules of the school and classroom Peers cheating of tests Moral orientation of the educators Consideration for others' feelings

Rules of the school and classroom Moral orientation of the educators Consideration for others' feelings

A research meta-analysis found positive links between spirituality/religiosity and which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Self-esteem Well-being Depression Conscientiousness

Self-esteem Well-being Conscientiousness

______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Multiple choice question.

Social conventional reasoning

Fourteen-year-old Sydney has been told by her teacher that she has a high level of moral competence. This description would indicate Sydney has which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

The ability to construct behaviors An awareness of moral rules Being capable of knowing her own skills

True or false: Adolescent females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males. .

True

An unselfish interest in helping others is identified as

altruism

Recent research has found prosocial behaviors in adolescents is promoted by Blank______.

authoritative mothers

Carol Gilligan's _____ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's _________perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

When educators promote prosocial behaviors by teaching sensitivity to others, helping others, and consideration of others feeling, they are practicing a/an ______ perspective.

care

Moral_____ involves having the willpower, desires, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.

character

In social cognitive theory the ability to produce moral behaviors is the description of moral_____

competence

Narvaez and Gleason propose postconventional moral reasoning has been Blank______ in college students. Multiple choice question. stagnant stabilizing declining rising

declining

In the social ____theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

Kohlberg argued that family processes are Blank______ in children's moral development. Multiple choice question. totally unimportant essential essentially unimportant

essentially unimportant

Researchers have found with Kohlberg's theory of moral development there is a limitation of adolescent concern in the areas of Blank______. Multiple choice question. authority and civil rights family and drugs friends and family family and authority

family and authority

Darcia Narvaez and Tracy Gleason have argued recent declines in prosocial behaviors, especially those from the Western culture are on a Blank______. Multiple choice question. fast train to demise path of increased morality boat without a paddle slow boat to China

fast train to demise

Austin is learning to drive. He observes his parents' safe driving and complies with this behavior himself. This behavior is an example of Blank______. Multiple choice question. punishment imitation avoidance reinforcement

imitation

Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk.

integrity

What word best describes moral reasoning processes at the postconventional level? Multiple choice question. Parental External Internal Religious

internal

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and the theory of moral reasoning Blank______ Multiple choice question. does not account for the actions of extremists. is based on eight stages of development that occur over the lifetime. places too much emphasis on connectedness and concern for others. is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.

is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do

According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is the Blank______ level of moral development. Multiple choice question. highest second lowest intermediate

lowest

Albert Bandura proposes that in developing a _______self, individuals adopt standards of right and wrong that serve as guides and deterrents for conduct.

moral

Studies have shown that adolescents' religious affiliation is influenced mostly by Blank______.

mothers

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is Multiple choice question. the most influential factor. not as important as peer relations. more important than peer relations. equally important as peer relations.

not as important as peer relations.

A major emphasis of Kohlberg's theory is ______ interaction and give and take in the development of moral orientation. Multiple choice question. parent educator behavior peer

peer

Like Piaget, Kohlberg emphasized that Blank______ is a critical part of the social stimulation that challenges individuals to change their moral orientation. Multiple choice question. self-talk formal education peer interaction parental interaction

peer interaction

In social cognitive theory, the enactment of behaviors in specific situations is a description of moral

performance

With an increase in abstract, idealistic, and logical reasoning, adolescents demonstrate an increase in ______ behaviors.

prosocial

It is the belief of Albert Bandura that self - rather than abstract reasoning is the key to positive moral development.

regulation

The degree of affiliation with an organized religion while participating in the practices and rituals of its believers is a description of

religiousness

The degree of affiliation with an organized religion with participation in the rituals and practices of its beliefs is a description of

religiousness

An important context involved in moral development is an adolescent's (personality/school).

school

Research has found moral behaviors and dishonesty in adolescents to be ________specific.

situation

According to longitudinal research, the moral stages appeared Blank______ than Kohlberg initially envisioned. Multiple choice question. much earlier somewhat earlier much later somewhat later

somewhat later

Experiencing beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is a description of

spirituality

One study of ninth to twelfth graders found those who attended church regularly in one grade were more likely to have lower levels of_____ abuse in the next grade.

substance

According to Kohlberg, people in the conventional reasoning stage of moral development abide by Multiple choice question. no standards their own standards the standards of others sometimes others' standards, sometimes their own standards

the standards of others

Why should moral exemplars be studied?

to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development.

True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.

true

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives individuals an opportunity to change their moral orientation by taking the role of another person.

true

A method of providing moral education by helping adolescents clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for is called Blank______ clarification.

values