cell1010 chapter 7 learnsmart

water

*When electrons are transferred to oxygen in the final step of the electron transport chain, a molecule of ___ is produced.

NADH, ATP, pyruvate

*Which of the following are end products of glycolysis?

anaerobic respiration, fermentation

*Which of the following mechanisms have evolved to allow the metabolism of organic molecules in the absence of oxygen?

FADH2, NADH, ATP

*Which of the following molecules are energy intermediates produced during cellular respiration?

2 NAD+, 2 ADP2-, 2 Pi2-

*Which of the following serve as REACTANTS in the net reaction of glycolysis? Select all that apply.

rotary machine

ATP synthase functions like a

citric acid or metabolic (more general term)

During a(n) ___ cycle, some molecules enter a pathway, and others leave. Ultimately, some molecules are regenerated and can be used again.

6;3

During the cleavage stage of glycolysis, a ___-carbon molecule is broken into two ___-carbon molecules.

chemiosmosis

During the process of ___, energy stored in a proton gradient is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi.

electron

*A series of redox reactions make up the ___ transport chain.

1. glycolysis 2. breakdown of pyruvate 3. citric acid cycle 4. oxidative phosphorylation

*Arrange the four steps of cellular respiration in the correct order. Start with the earliest on top.

1. Hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the membrane-bound subunits of ATP synthase. 2. The Y subunit of ATP synthase rotates in a clockwise direction. 3. The B subunits of ATP synthase change conformation. 4. ATP is synthesized.

*Arrange the steps that occur when ATP synthase produces ATP in the correct order. The first step should be at the top.

1. energy investment phase 2. cleavage phase 3. energy liberation phase

*Arrange the three stages of glycolysis in the correct order. Begin with the initial phase at the top of the list.

removes a CO2 from pyruvate

*During cellular respiration, acetyl-CoA is formed during a reaction that also:

converted to chemical bond energy in ATP

*During chemiosmosis, energy stored in a proton gradient is:

two molecules of pyruvate

*During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into:

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

*Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces:

2 NADH and 4 ATP molecules

*For every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, the energy liberation phase (steps 6-10) generates a total of

2 pyruvate molecules

*Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into:

2

*How many ATP molecules are consumed during the first stage of glycolysis?

mitochondrial

*In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the ___ matrix.

inner mitochondrial membrane

*In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the

the breakdown of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

*In eukaryotic cells, which of the following metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria?

2 ATP molecules

*In glycolysis, what is the net yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?

mitochondrion

*In order for cellular respiration to continue, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis must be transported into the ___.

oxidative phosphorylation

*In the final stage of glucose metabolism, the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are removed and used to produce more ATP. This process is called ___ ___.

oxygen

*Many organisms, including animals and yeasts, can only use ___ as a final electron acceptor in their electron transport chain.

-acetyl-CoA = 2 carbons -succinyl-CoA = 4 carbons -citrate = 6 carbons -a-ketoglutarate = 5 carbons

*Match the organic molecules that are part of the citric acid cycle with the number of carbons they contain.

ethanol, lactate

*Select all of the organic molecules that can be produced during fermentation reactions.

covalent

*The ___ bonds in glucose store large amounts of energy.

citric acid

*The breakdown of pyruvate results in the production of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the ___ ___ cycle.

redox

*The electron transport chain involves a series of ___ reactions.

intermembrane

*The oxidation of NADH in the mitochondrion leads to an electrochemical gradient where there are more protons in the ___ space than there are in the matrix.

water, carbon dioxide

*The products of cellular respiration include:

carbon dioxide, FADH2, NADH, ATP

*The products of the citric acid cycle include:

-energy investment phase = ATP is hydrolyzed, and phosphate groups are attached to glucose -cleavage phase = 6-carbon molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules -energy liberation phase = ATP and NADH are synthesized

*The reactions of glycolysis can be grouped into three phases. Match each phase with the key biochemical event that occurs.

2 three-carbon molecules

*The second stage of glycolysis is called the cleavage phase. The reactions of the cleavage phase break a six-carbon molecule into:

ATP, NADH, FADH2

*The three energy intermediates produced during cellular respiration are ___, ___, and ___.

1 NADH molecule, 1 CO2, 1 acetyl group

*What are the products of the breakdown of a single pyruvate molecule?

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, CO2

*What are the products of the chemical reaction that breaks down pyruvate?

NADH, GTP, FADH2

*What energy intermediates are produced in the citric acid cycle?

-NADH is oxidized to NAD+. -Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.

*What happens during the fermentation reactions that occur in muscle cells?

-Acetyl-CoA -NAD+ -FAD -GDP2-

*What reactants are required for the citric acid cycle?

NADH, FADH2

A single run of the citric acid cycle results in the production of two molecules of carbon dioxide, one molecule of ATP (or GTP), three molecules of ___, and one molecule of ___, from one acetyl group.

1. NADH dehydrogenase 2. Ubiquinone 3. Cytochrome b-c1 4. Cytochrome c 5. Cytochrome oxidase 6. Oxygen

Arrange the molecules of the electron transport chain in the order in which they receive electrons, beginning at the top with the first molecule to receive electrons and ending at the bottom with the first electron acceptor.

CO2

As a result of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA are released as:

substrate-level phosphorylation

How is ATP produced during fermentation?

O2

If anaerobic means "without oxygen," what does aerobic mean? What gas is indicated?

water

In the last step of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to oxygen. This results in the production of:

oxygen, O2

The electron transport chain is also called the respiratory chain because it consumes ___.

1. Glucose 2. Glucose-6 phosphate 3. Fructose-6 phosphate 4. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate

The first phase of glycolysis is called the energy investment phase. Arrange the sugar molecules that are involved in this phase in the order in which why are used in the pathway. Start with the earliest on top.

cellular respiration

The metabolic reactions that a cell uses to get energy from food molecules and release waste products are collectively called:

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ATP, and 2H2O

The net products of glycolysis are:

protein complexes, small organic molecules

The structural components of the electron transport chain include:

2;4

The third stage of glycolysis (steps 6-10) is called the energy liberation phase. It produces a total of ___ molecule(s) of NADH and ___ molecule(s) of ATP for every molecule of glucose that enters the pathway. Note: This question is NOT asking about the net yield but the total.

substrate-level phosphorylation

What process is used to synthesize ATP during glycolysis?

acetyl

When a carbon dioxide is removed from pyruvate, the product is a(n) ___ group, which then attaches to coenzyme A.

cytosol; mitochondria

While glycolysis occurs in the ___ in eukaryotic cells, the remaining steps of respiration occur in the ___ of the cell.