Ch 11

Who was the philosopher behind "philosophical optimism," saying our world was "better than any other possible world?" Multiple choice question.

Gottfried Leibniz

which statement is true of jean jacques rousseau?

He argued that the natural inquisitiveness of children should be cultivated

which resulted within a few years from the end pf the french revolution?

the declaration of the rights of woman and citizen, the execution of tens of thousands of people

how is adam smith generally known?

the father of modern economics

according to adam smith, what is the primary basis for wealth in the natural economic order?

the labor of self interested individuals

antoine nicholas de condorcet argued against what social issues?

inequality between men and women & religious faith and superstition

satire

introduced indignant protest through humor and was used to point out the contradictions between enlightenment ideals and reality

who wrote "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"

jean jacques rousseau

what was the main topic in johannes kepler's new astonomy

laws of planetary motion

who were the 18th cent figures who explicitly argued for women's rights?

mary wollstonecraft antoine nicholas de condorcet

what was the voyage on which slaves were transported between africa and america called?i

middle passage

the belief that universal principles should govern human behavior was known as

natural law

how can alexander pope be described?

optomist

What did Jean-Antoine houdon sculpt?

portrait busts and life sized sculptures

what subject was the primary focus of marie louis elizabeth vigee lebrun's paintings

portraits of women

Gottfried Leibnizs view that there must be a reason for everything in nature is known by what name?

principle of sufficient reason

what can be said about the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the 18th cent?

prose style became more informal?

where did the philosophes develop and disseminate their ideas?

salons in parisian town house

a proponent of constitutional monarchy, montesquieu advocated for what precept?

separation of the powers of state

Montesquieu condemned _____ as "unnatural and evil"

slavery

what theory states that the authority for government is derived from an agreement between individuals and the state?

social contract

in the 18th cent, what was the primary product for which europeans enslaved african people?

sugar

John Locke understood the mind as a blank slate, also known by what phrase?

tabula rasa

what scientific instrument did galileo perfect?

telescope

What emerged in the 18th century?

daily newspaper & magazines

who was the author of robinson crusoe a notable early modern novel?

daniel defoe

what were the steps for proper reasoning, as advocated by rene descartes?

do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true break a problem into parts draw complete conclusions

what were the steps for proper reasoning?

do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true draw complete conclusions break problems into parts

what innovative idea regarding education did jean-jacques rousseau put forward in his treatise, "emile"?

education should begin at birth?

Johannes Kepler proved that the orbits of the planets are

elliptical

francis bacon promoted the use of direct, systemic observation for scientific discovery, or aka

empirical method

what were the foundations of the scientific revolution

empirical method use of mathematical theory development of new measuring instruments

in the west, the modern novel, based on realistic characters and settings, first became established in which country in the beginning of the 18th cent?

england

which is true about olaudah equiano?

equiano was kidnapped in africa, sold into slavery, traveled widely, and upon being freed became an outspoken abolitionist

what are apart of the future nicholas de condorcet envisioned in his "sketch for a historical picture of the progress of the human mind"?

fewer work hours, guaranteed livelihood for the aged, a universal system of education

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the enlightenments most outspoken critics for which reason?

he challenged the notion that humans were by nature inherently good

which statements about alexander pope are true?

he was a british poet, his poem "essay on man" is an attempt to explain humankind's place in the universe, & he was largely self taught

Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative

holds that our actions ought to be based on a sense of universal morality

order of events

1. crowd storms the bastille 2. the national assembly issues the deceleration of man and citizen 3. olympe de gouges writes the declaration of the rights of women and the female citizens 4. over 40,000 people are executed during the reign of terror 5. napoleon bonaparte establishes military dictatorship

Who was the publisher of the famous Encyclopédie?

Denis Diderot

what were some of the social effects of early industrialization?

Long working hours under dangerous conditions, increased mass production and consumption of goods

which statement is true of jean jacques rousseau?

Rousseau believed that girls and boys should be educated in the same way

newton's discoveries promoted the idea that the physical world could be described in

a mathematical approach

which facts are true about taxation in pre revolutionary France?

almost 4/5 of the average peasants income was paid in taxes & all taxes were paid by the lower and middle class

the author of on the working of the human body was physician

andreas vesalius

the arch of triumph was inspired by which ancient landmark?

arch of titus

what principle of the enlightenment help spark the american revolution?

the power of reason?

which of the following buildings were designed by Thomas Jefferson using Classical and Renissance models?

the virginia state capital, the university of virginia rotunda, monticello (his country estate)

who proclaimed that the american revolution had done more to the enlightenment the world and promote freedom than any other event?

thomas paine

According to John Locke, what is the purpose of government?

to preserve the right of the governed

what was the goal of Diderot's encyclopedie?

to transform society through knowledge

The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuits could not impact society. True false question.

true