Ch 11
Who was the philosopher behind "philosophical optimism," saying our world was "better than any other possible world?" Multiple choice question.
Gottfried Leibniz
which statement is true of jean jacques rousseau?
He argued that the natural inquisitiveness of children should be cultivated
which resulted within a few years from the end pf the french revolution?
the declaration of the rights of woman and citizen, the execution of tens of thousands of people
how is adam smith generally known?
the father of modern economics
according to adam smith, what is the primary basis for wealth in the natural economic order?
the labor of self interested individuals
antoine nicholas de condorcet argued against what social issues?
inequality between men and women & religious faith and superstition
satire
introduced indignant protest through humor and was used to point out the contradictions between enlightenment ideals and reality
who wrote "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"
jean jacques rousseau
what was the main topic in johannes kepler's new astonomy
laws of planetary motion
who were the 18th cent figures who explicitly argued for women's rights?
mary wollstonecraft antoine nicholas de condorcet
what was the voyage on which slaves were transported between africa and america called?i
middle passage
the belief that universal principles should govern human behavior was known as
natural law
how can alexander pope be described?
optomist
What did Jean-Antoine houdon sculpt?
portrait busts and life sized sculptures
what subject was the primary focus of marie louis elizabeth vigee lebrun's paintings
portraits of women
Gottfried Leibnizs view that there must be a reason for everything in nature is known by what name?
principle of sufficient reason
what can be said about the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the 18th cent?
prose style became more informal?
where did the philosophes develop and disseminate their ideas?
salons in parisian town house
a proponent of constitutional monarchy, montesquieu advocated for what precept?
separation of the powers of state
Montesquieu condemned _____ as "unnatural and evil"
slavery
what theory states that the authority for government is derived from an agreement between individuals and the state?
social contract
in the 18th cent, what was the primary product for which europeans enslaved african people?
sugar
John Locke understood the mind as a blank slate, also known by what phrase?
tabula rasa
what scientific instrument did galileo perfect?
telescope
What emerged in the 18th century?
daily newspaper & magazines
who was the author of robinson crusoe a notable early modern novel?
daniel defoe
what were the steps for proper reasoning, as advocated by rene descartes?
do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true break a problem into parts draw complete conclusions
what were the steps for proper reasoning?
do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true draw complete conclusions break problems into parts
what innovative idea regarding education did jean-jacques rousseau put forward in his treatise, "emile"?
education should begin at birth?
Johannes Kepler proved that the orbits of the planets are
elliptical
francis bacon promoted the use of direct, systemic observation for scientific discovery, or aka
empirical method
what were the foundations of the scientific revolution
empirical method use of mathematical theory development of new measuring instruments
in the west, the modern novel, based on realistic characters and settings, first became established in which country in the beginning of the 18th cent?
england
which is true about olaudah equiano?
equiano was kidnapped in africa, sold into slavery, traveled widely, and upon being freed became an outspoken abolitionist
what are apart of the future nicholas de condorcet envisioned in his "sketch for a historical picture of the progress of the human mind"?
fewer work hours, guaranteed livelihood for the aged, a universal system of education
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the enlightenments most outspoken critics for which reason?
he challenged the notion that humans were by nature inherently good
which statements about alexander pope are true?
he was a british poet, his poem "essay on man" is an attempt to explain humankind's place in the universe, & he was largely self taught
Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
holds that our actions ought to be based on a sense of universal morality
order of events
1. crowd storms the bastille 2. the national assembly issues the deceleration of man and citizen 3. olympe de gouges writes the declaration of the rights of women and the female citizens 4. over 40,000 people are executed during the reign of terror 5. napoleon bonaparte establishes military dictatorship
Who was the publisher of the famous Encyclopédie?
Denis Diderot
what were some of the social effects of early industrialization?
Long working hours under dangerous conditions, increased mass production and consumption of goods
which statement is true of jean jacques rousseau?
Rousseau believed that girls and boys should be educated in the same way
newton's discoveries promoted the idea that the physical world could be described in
a mathematical approach
which facts are true about taxation in pre revolutionary France?
almost 4/5 of the average peasants income was paid in taxes & all taxes were paid by the lower and middle class
the author of on the working of the human body was physician
andreas vesalius
the arch of triumph was inspired by which ancient landmark?
arch of titus
what principle of the enlightenment help spark the american revolution?
the power of reason?
which of the following buildings were designed by Thomas Jefferson using Classical and Renissance models?
the virginia state capital, the university of virginia rotunda, monticello (his country estate)
who proclaimed that the american revolution had done more to the enlightenment the world and promote freedom than any other event?
thomas paine
According to John Locke, what is the purpose of government?
to preserve the right of the governed
what was the goal of Diderot's encyclopedie?
to transform society through knowledge
The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuits could not impact society. True false question.
true