Ch 16 Undernutrition

Overweight/Obese Statistics

2/3 of adults 1/3 of kids

What is impaired during early stages of nutrient deficiencies?

Ability to work, learn, reproduce, and recover from illnesses or injuries

Where is undernutrition most prevalent?

Asian and Sub-Saharan Africa

Solutions to undernutrition in developing world

Biotechnology Sustainable agriculture Support small farms Birth control programs (slow population growth) Improved infrastructure Improved access to antiretroviral drugs to reduce impact of HIV/AIDS Gender and development approach Fortification of local food products with specific micronutrients

Undernutrition in Childhood (first 1000 days=2 years)

CNS is highly vulnerable to nutritional deficits will have lifetime impact Stunted growth Impaired immune function (high risk for diarrheal disease-decrease nutrient absorption) Iron deficiency anemia very common in toddlers (reduced stamina, cognitive deficits, behavioral problems)

Solutions for undernutrition in US

Eradicate food desert- Health Food Financing Initiative aims to improve long term access to nutritious foods for underserved populations Encourage use of vacant land for food production Est connections between farmers and populations who need food Reallocate food currently being wasted

Undernutrition in Older Adults

Fixed income may limit food budget Decreased energy requirements, but micronutrient needs are still high-difficult to obtain enough nutrients Depression, social isolation, physical and mental impairments may negatively impact food intake

Megaloblastic anemia

Folate

Imbalances in food/population ratio

Global food production is currently sufficient to feed every person on planet. There may be issues getting food to people in need and also there are problems with food waste, but food production is keeping pace with population growth. In future, experts predict food production will not be able to keep ip with population growth

Undernutrition in pregnancy

Greatest health risk during pregnancy Closely spaced pregnancies give little time to replenish maternal nutrient stores (iron, folate, calcium)

What is a sign in a population that many people may have subclinical deficiencies?

If some people develop full blown, clinical nutrient deficiencies

Goiter

Iodide

What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?

Iron

Undernutrition in Gestation/Infancy

Maternal nutrient deficiencies increase risk of preterm birth, low birth weight (impaired lung function, impaired immunity, infant mortality) Teen pregnancies increase risks because mom is more likely to have poor diet and she is still growing, so her body competes with the fetus for nutrients

Pellagra

Niacin

What is the most common form of malnutrition in US?

Over nutrition

Causes of undernutrition in developing nations

Poverty Famine Imbalances in food/population ratio War and political/civil unrest Depletion of natural resources Inadequate shelter and sanitation HIV/AIDS

Where is undernutrition common in US?

Poverty, homelessness Lack of access to healthy foods Eating disorders Alcohol abuse disorders Hospitals, long term care facilities

Ariboflavinosis

Riboflavin

Programs to combat undernutrition in US

SNAP Emergency Food Assistance Program Commodity Supplemental Food Program WIC School lunch/breakfast Child and Adult Care food program Congregate meals for the elderly Summer food service program Food distribution programs on indian reservations Fresh fruit and vegetable program

Beriberi

Thiamin

What is the most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide?

Vitamin A deficiency

Scurvy

Vitamin C

Rickets

Vitamin D

How long may it take for physical symptoms to occur during early stages of nutrient deficiencies?

Weeks to months

Food desert

area where 33% or 500 people, whichever is less, live more than a mile from a grocery store in an urban area or more than 10 miles away in a rural area

Food insecurity

condition in which quality, variety, and/or desirability of the diet is reduced; there is sometimes difficulty providing enough food for everyone in the household

Green revolution

crop yields increased as a result of the introduction of agricultural technologies (fertilizers, irrigation, selective breeding) to developing nations in 1960s

Biotechnology

development of crops with value added features

Undernutrition

dietary intake does not meed nutritional needs

Over nutrition

dietary intake exceeds nutritional needs

Famine

extreme shortage of food leading to widespread starvation; often associated with crop failures, war, political unrest

Malnutrition

failing health that results from longstanding dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs; encompasses both undernutrition and over nutrition

Gender and development (GAD) approach

improving status of women as part of sustainable development; improve women's access to education, information and communication technologies, economic resources, governance; work against gender inequality and eliminate violence against women

Biofortification

increasing nutrient content of crops to address specific nutrient deficiencies

Iron-deficiency anemia

iron

Sustainable agriculture

methods of food production that provide secure living for farm families; maintain the natural environment and resources; support rural community; and offer respect and fair treatment to all involved, from farm workers to consumers to the animals raised for food

Subclinical deficiency

nutrient stores are depleted, biochemical functions of nutrients may be impaired, but observable symptoms are not yet apparent

Genetic engineering

of crops to be resistant to pests or pesticides

Clinical deficiency

physical symptoms of nutrient deficiency are apparent

Hunger

physiological drive to find and eat food; results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs

Nutrition security

secure access to a nutritious diet coupled with a sanitary environment and adequate health services and care

Xerophthalmia

vitamin A