Ch 16 Undernutrition
Overweight/Obese Statistics
2/3 of adults 1/3 of kids
What is impaired during early stages of nutrient deficiencies?
Ability to work, learn, reproduce, and recover from illnesses or injuries
Where is undernutrition most prevalent?
Asian and Sub-Saharan Africa
Solutions to undernutrition in developing world
Biotechnology Sustainable agriculture Support small farms Birth control programs (slow population growth) Improved infrastructure Improved access to antiretroviral drugs to reduce impact of HIV/AIDS Gender and development approach Fortification of local food products with specific micronutrients
Undernutrition in Childhood (first 1000 days=2 years)
CNS is highly vulnerable to nutritional deficits will have lifetime impact Stunted growth Impaired immune function (high risk for diarrheal disease-decrease nutrient absorption) Iron deficiency anemia very common in toddlers (reduced stamina, cognitive deficits, behavioral problems)
Solutions for undernutrition in US
Eradicate food desert- Health Food Financing Initiative aims to improve long term access to nutritious foods for underserved populations Encourage use of vacant land for food production Est connections between farmers and populations who need food Reallocate food currently being wasted
Undernutrition in Older Adults
Fixed income may limit food budget Decreased energy requirements, but micronutrient needs are still high-difficult to obtain enough nutrients Depression, social isolation, physical and mental impairments may negatively impact food intake
Megaloblastic anemia
Folate
Imbalances in food/population ratio
Global food production is currently sufficient to feed every person on planet. There may be issues getting food to people in need and also there are problems with food waste, but food production is keeping pace with population growth. In future, experts predict food production will not be able to keep ip with population growth
Undernutrition in pregnancy
Greatest health risk during pregnancy Closely spaced pregnancies give little time to replenish maternal nutrient stores (iron, folate, calcium)
What is a sign in a population that many people may have subclinical deficiencies?
If some people develop full blown, clinical nutrient deficiencies
Goiter
Iodide
What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?
Iron
Undernutrition in Gestation/Infancy
Maternal nutrient deficiencies increase risk of preterm birth, low birth weight (impaired lung function, impaired immunity, infant mortality) Teen pregnancies increase risks because mom is more likely to have poor diet and she is still growing, so her body competes with the fetus for nutrients
Pellagra
Niacin
What is the most common form of malnutrition in US?
Over nutrition
Causes of undernutrition in developing nations
Poverty Famine Imbalances in food/population ratio War and political/civil unrest Depletion of natural resources Inadequate shelter and sanitation HIV/AIDS
Where is undernutrition common in US?
Poverty, homelessness Lack of access to healthy foods Eating disorders Alcohol abuse disorders Hospitals, long term care facilities
Ariboflavinosis
Riboflavin
Programs to combat undernutrition in US
SNAP Emergency Food Assistance Program Commodity Supplemental Food Program WIC School lunch/breakfast Child and Adult Care food program Congregate meals for the elderly Summer food service program Food distribution programs on indian reservations Fresh fruit and vegetable program
Beriberi
Thiamin
What is the most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide?
Vitamin A deficiency
Scurvy
Vitamin C
Rickets
Vitamin D
How long may it take for physical symptoms to occur during early stages of nutrient deficiencies?
Weeks to months
Food desert
area where 33% or 500 people, whichever is less, live more than a mile from a grocery store in an urban area or more than 10 miles away in a rural area
Food insecurity
condition in which quality, variety, and/or desirability of the diet is reduced; there is sometimes difficulty providing enough food for everyone in the household
Green revolution
crop yields increased as a result of the introduction of agricultural technologies (fertilizers, irrigation, selective breeding) to developing nations in 1960s
Biotechnology
development of crops with value added features
Undernutrition
dietary intake does not meed nutritional needs
Over nutrition
dietary intake exceeds nutritional needs
Famine
extreme shortage of food leading to widespread starvation; often associated with crop failures, war, political unrest
Malnutrition
failing health that results from longstanding dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs; encompasses both undernutrition and over nutrition
Gender and development (GAD) approach
improving status of women as part of sustainable development; improve women's access to education, information and communication technologies, economic resources, governance; work against gender inequality and eliminate violence against women
Biofortification
increasing nutrient content of crops to address specific nutrient deficiencies
Iron-deficiency anemia
iron
Sustainable agriculture
methods of food production that provide secure living for farm families; maintain the natural environment and resources; support rural community; and offer respect and fair treatment to all involved, from farm workers to consumers to the animals raised for food
Subclinical deficiency
nutrient stores are depleted, biochemical functions of nutrients may be impaired, but observable symptoms are not yet apparent
Genetic engineering
of crops to be resistant to pests or pesticides
Clinical deficiency
physical symptoms of nutrient deficiency are apparent
Hunger
physiological drive to find and eat food; results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs
Nutrition security
secure access to a nutritious diet coupled with a sanitary environment and adequate health services and care
Xerophthalmia
vitamin A