ch 17

The specific gravity of water is

1

occurs when the empty pore space within a rock is filled with a chemical deposit.

cementation

Each mineral has a unique set of physical properties that are determined by their crystal structure and ____ composition.

chemical

The physical properties of each mineral are unique because of the unique ______.

chemical composition and crystal structure of each mineral

is the tendency of mineral to break along particular lines and planes.

cleavage

Extrusive igneous rocks have all of the following characteristics except they ______.

are highly dense

In the figure illustrating the structure of sodium chloride, called halite, the colored dots represent ______.

atoms

The most common extrusive rock found on Earth's surface is ______.

basalt

Which coarse-grained igneous rock is most reflective of the composition of Earth's continental crust?

granite

Mineral crystals usually form in water solutions or in underground pools of molten rock called

magma

The resistance to being scratched defines a mineral's ______.

hardness

Metamorphic rocks are created from the ______ associated with intruding magma and crustal movements.

heat, pressure, and hot water

Molten _______ generally cools slowly underground, whereas ______ generally cools and solidifies quickly aboveground.

magma, lava

Which of the following is an example of a nonfoliated rock?

marble

Sedimentary rocks can become igneous rocks if they are ______.

melted and then resolidify

The type of rock missing from the bottom of the illustration is

metamorphic

Texture and ______ composition are the two main factors we use to classify igneous rocks.

mineral

Rocks usually consist of one or more

minerals

An igneous rock is considered to have a fine-grained texture if ______.

one needs a magnifying glass to see mineral crystals

The atoms on the four corners of a silicate tetrahedron, as shown in the illustration, are ______.

oxygen

The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

oxygen, silicon

Chemical sedimentary rocks develop by crystals forming from solution, whereas clastic sedimentary rocks form from the ______.

pieces of preexisting rocks and minerals

Luster is frequently described using each of the following terms except ______.

salty

Mineral hardness is defined as the resistance of a mineral to being ______.

scratched

The presence or absence of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra can be used to separate all minerals into two groups. Those minerals that contain silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are known as ______ minerals.

silicate

All of the following are useful characteristics to identify a mineral except ______.

size

Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified based on grain ______.

size

Grain _____ is the primary factor by which clastic sedimentary rocks are classified.

size

An igneous rock with a course-grained texture implies that it formed ______.

slowly

The largest crystals most likely formed ______.

slowly

The rock with its large crystals shown in the image probably cooled ______.

slowly

According to Mohs hardness scale, a mineral with hardness 5 is ______ than a mineral with hardness 8.

softer

To be classified as a mineral, a material needs to be a ______, be naturally occurring, and ______.

solid; have a distinct chemical composition

Foliation is

the alignment of minerals into parallel sheets

The color of a mineral is often less useful than the streak of a mineral because ______.

the color of a mineral shows more variation than its streak

Rocks are continually being created, destroyed, and changed on Earth. This recycling of rocks has gone on since rocks first formed on Earth, continues today, and will be going in the future. This process is known as ______.

the rock cycle

Crystal form is ______.

the shape of a well-developed crystal related to its internal structure

The streak of a mineral is often more useful in mineral identification than the color of a mineral because ______.

the streak is more consistent

Select all the statements that describe the differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.

-The magma that cools to form intrusive rocks cools more slowly than the lava that forms extrusive rocks. -Intrusive rocks solidify (form) inside Earth, and extrusive rocks solidify at the surface of Earth. -Intrusive rocks are more coarse-grained than extrusive rocks.

List the following elements from most to least abundant by mass for Earth as a whole. Put the most abundant on top.

1. iron 2. oxygen 3. silicon 4. magnesium

What is basalt?

A fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rock

Which of the following rocks did not form in a liquid, water-based solution?

Basaltic lava

The sequence of mineral formation in a cooling magma body is known as the ______.

Bowen's reaction series

Select all of the possible pathways by which ions dissolved in solution form chemical sedimentary rocks.

Chemical precipitation from an water solution Crystallization from an evaporating body of water Biological mediation (producing biological sediment)

Select the statement that best reflects the differences in how clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks form.

Clastic sedimentary rocks form from the solid pieces of preexisting rocks, and chemical sedimentary rocks do not.

Select all the factors from the list below that affect mineral formation.

Pressure Time Temperature Concentration of ions in solution

Match the following minerals to a description of their relative hardness.

Diamond-Hardest substance listed Gypsum-Softest substance listed Quartz-Mohs hardness rating of 7 Corundum-Mohs hardness rating of 9

Of the different groups of rocks, which two form in (relatively) high temperature settings?

Igneous Metamorphic

Match the four major arrangements of silicates to the level of oxygen sharing that occurs within each.

Isolated-No sharing of oxygen Single chains-Sharing two oxygens Double chains-Sharing two or three oxygens Sheets- Sharing three oxygens

Match the type of rock to how it forms.

Sedimentary rocks-Form from particles or dissolved materials Igneous rocks-Form from magma or lava Metamorphic rocks-Form when other rocks are subjected to heat and pressure

Which of the following are the two main categories of minerals?

Silicates and nonsilicates

True or false: Different minerals are stable under different conditions of temperature and pressure.

TRUE

Select the best description of cementation.

The filling of the space between grains with a chemical deposit

Which of the following correctly describe minerals?

They are naturally occurring. They are solids with a distinct crystalline structure. They are inorganic. They have a defined chemical composition.

Which statement best reflects the large-scale classification of metamorphic rocks?

We classify metamorphic rocks on the presence or absence, and degree, of foliation.

Specific gravity is defined as ______.

a ratio of the mineral's density to the density of water

is composed of a structural unit that is repeated in three dimensions.

crystal

Table salt (halite) most commonly forms through ______.

crystallization from evaporating water

Elements are not distributed ______ throughout the mass of Earth.

equally

Pressure may cause rocks with flat crystals to align in parallel sheets. This alignment in metamorphic rocks is known as ______.

foliation

Which feature is the most important when classifying metamorphic rocks?

foliation

The internal geometric arrangement of the atoms making up a crystal structure defines the mineral property known as crystal

form

If a rock's temperature from adjacent intruded magma is high enough to cause rocks to recrystallize and actually causes melting, the resulting rock will be ______.

igneous

Earth's center is predominantly composed of high density nickel and

iron

The prefix ferro- refers to minerals that include atoms of ______.

iron

The primary difference between ferromagnesian silicate minerals and nonferromagnesian silicate minerals is whether or not they contain the elements magnesium and

iron

The process of turning loose sediment into rock is known as

lithification

The circled region of this diagram of Bowen's reaction series represents minerals forming at ______.

low temperatures

A mineral is more likely to cleave than fracture if ______.

there are planes of weakness in the crystal structure

Rocks subjected to heat and high pressure may not develop foliation. The most likely reason for this is ______.

they mainly consist of one mineral, such as quartz or calcite

The luster of a mineral is determined by the ______.

way the mineral reflects light