CH 20 A&P
Which statement is accurate?
Filtration-ARTERIAL end, driven by HYDROSTATIC pressure
The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the
INFERIOR vena cava
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)
SIMPLE pathway, as ONE artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ
The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is
SLOW, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gas and nutrients between blood and tissures
Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can
STIMULATE release of nitric oxide, a vasoDILATOR
At a capillary bed, the vasoconstrictor
STIMULATES precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?
SYSTEMIC VEINS
Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the under appendage?
Subclavian-Axillary-Brachial-Ulnar
pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart T/F
T
During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?
blood flow to coronary vessels increases and flow to abdominal organs decreases
the radial and unlar veins fuse to form ____ veins; all of these veins are _____ veins.
brachial, deep
The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the ______
breachiocephalic
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ____ and the tissues of the body
capillaries
Valves in veins
cause venous blood to go only one direction
Blood velocity is measured in ____ and is generally____ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels
cm/second, inversely
The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the
common ILIAC arteries
umbilical arteries carry ______ blood
deoxygenated
Superior phrenic arteries supply the ____ and emerge from the _____
diaphragm, decending THORACIC aorta
the function of postcapillary venule is to
drain the capillary bed
the larges arteries of the bodies are classified as
elastic arteries
Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?
filtration involves VULK flow of fluid out of blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into blood
as a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins
get larger
as an arterial pathway moves further from the heart, the arteries
get smaller
What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?
higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close
Systolic blood pressure is recorded
in ARTERIES and is the MAX pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction
Increased CO ____ the blood pressure
increases
The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires
intra-abdominal pressure INCREASES and intrathoracic pressure DECREASES
Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have _____ effects on blood pressure
opposite
The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it
passes above the INGUINAL ligament
The arteries that anastomose and form the 2 arterial arches in the palm are the ____ and _____ arteries.
radial, ulnar
The ______ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells
tunica MEDIA
A network of small arteries called the _____ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large blood vessels
vasa vasorum
Atrial natiuretic peptide stimulates
vasoCONSTRICTION, increased urine output, and therefore INCREASED blood pressure
When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate
vasoDILATION so they can function at blood RESIVOIRS
Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction, DECREASED urine formation, and increased thirst
Blood pressure is lowest in
veins
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the
TRANSVERSE colon, DESCENDING colon, SIGMOID colon, and rectum
Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
Ductus asteriosus
The artery pair that supplies the lower limbs are
EXTERNAL iliac arteries
Which is the most common type of capillary
continuous
Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?
femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, dosalis pedis
The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _____ artery
maxillary
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure
The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of
nutrients and toxins absorbed from the GI system into the blood
The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artieries
one, two
What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?
the Blood pressure in the RIGHT atrium is greater than in the left atrium
A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ___ micrometers
100
The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood T/F
T
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75, then their pulse pressure would be
50 mmHg
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be
80 mmHg
If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be
ABOVE normal
Precapillary sphincters will
ALL
Renin converts
ANGIOTENSINOGEN to angiotensin I
The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the
ANTERIOR cerebral arteries
Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?
BUILD UP of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasoDILATION
The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the
Brachiocephalic artery
As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure
DECREASES, as blood HYDROSTATIC pressure decreases
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of:
DIFFUSION
Blood flow is
DIRECTLY related to the pressure gradient and INVERSELY related to the resistance
Peripheral resistance is
DIRECTLY related to vessel length and INVERSELY related to vessel radius
Tendons and ligaments have
LOW vascularization, thus LOW perfusion/healing
The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the
a, d internal jugular veins, subclavian veins
Which are found in the capillary wall
a, d, f, endothelium, intercellular clefts, basement membrane
Angiogenesis:
allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue
In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show:
an INCREASE in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a DECREASE in the relative amount of elastic fibers
Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat, what reflex will result?
baroreceptors DECREASE firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardio output will exhibit a compensatory increase
The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the ______ artery
basilar
The _______ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein
basilic vein
The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel
is called the blood pressure
A portal system
is one in which the blood flows through TWO capillary beds before being sent back to the heart
The popliteal artery supplies the
knee joint
The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _____ artery.
superior mesenteric
Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?
superior mesenteric artery
Atherosclerosis involves a
sustained INCREASE in resistance that leads to INCREASES in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow
High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of carotid arteries will stimulate
CHEMOreceptors to ACTIVATE the vasomotor center
The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the
Caridioacceleratory center from which Sympathetic pathways extend
A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed T/F
F
Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time, the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar T/F
F
An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow T/F
F
Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent), but not solutes T/F
F
Increases in angiotensis II levels cause decrease in blood pressure T/F
F
Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate T/F
F
The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein T/F
F
the azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae T/F
F
Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
HEPATIC VEINS
To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as
THROMBOXANES are released to trigger vasoconstriction
Pulmonary arteries are shorter and wider than systemic arteries. Accordingly, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is
LOS and blood flows very SLOWLY through pulmonary capillaries
Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would be
LOW viscosity and have LOW resistance
At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the ______ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.
MEDIAN sacral
Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries:
MORE fluid is filtered than reabsorbed
which type of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?
MUSCULAR arteries
The pulmonary trunk carries
OXYGENATED blood from the LEFT ventricle toward the lungs
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to
REABSORB excess fluid from the interstitial fluid
If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels as there would be
REGRESSION of blood vessels in adipose and ANGIOGENESIS in skeletal muscle
The internal thoracic artery will become the ______ , which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall.
SUPERIOR epigastric artery
Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked T/F
T
Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure T/F
T
Branches of the subclavian arteries carry blood on the way to the brain, neck and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands T/F
T
Epi, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure T/F
T
Some large molecules, such as fatty acids are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport T'F
T
Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction T/F
T
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins T/F
T
The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater potential for local blood flow T/F
T
The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava T/F
T
The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein T/F
T
Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?
Total blood flow equals the cardiac output and can VARY over time with activity levels
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would
be higher than normal
Excitation of the vasomotor center results in
increased Sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoCONSTRICTION than vasodilation
What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?
left gastric, SPLENIC, and COMMON hepatic arteries
After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the
ligamentum TERES
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to
the proteins in the blood and it promotes REABSORPTION
the ____ is composed of an endothelium and a sub endothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
tunica INTIMA
in arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the
tunica MEDIA