Ch 23 Digestive System A&P 2 Practice Questions

________ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver. a. hepatic portal b. peritoneal c. cardiac d. aortic

a. hepatic portal - the splanchnic circulation includes those arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestion organs and the hepatic portal circulation. Hepatic portal circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver.

Halitosis is caused by ________. a. increased anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue b. lack of amylase in saliva c. loss of teeth d. increased salivation

a. increased anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue - Halitosis is caused by increased anaerobic bacterial at the back of the tongue

Which of the following cells produce HCl? a. parietal cells b. mucous cells c. chiefs cells d. enteroendocrine cells e. G cells

a. parietal cells - Parietal cells make HCl and IF

Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis? a. a ruptured pancreatic cyst b. a perforating ulcer of the stomach c. a perforating abdominal wound d. a burst appendix

d. a burst appendix - a burst appendix is the most common cause of peritonitis

Which of the following is a function of the gallbladder? a. converting pepsinogen to pepsin b. secreting pancreatic juice c. metabolizing carbohydrate d. storing and concentrating bile

d. storing and concentrating bile - Bile that is not immediately needed for digestion is concentrated and stored by the gallbladder.

The major site for nutrient absorption is the _________. a. mouth b. large intestine c. stomach d. small intestine

d. the small intestine - the small intestine is the major site of nutrient absorption

Match the following 1. nucleic acids 2. carbohydrates 3. proteins 4. lipids a. fatty acids and monoglycerides b. amino acids c. monosaccharides d. nucleotides

1. nucleic acids d. nucleotides 2. carbohydrates C. monosaccharides 3. proteins b. amino acids 4. lipids a. fatty acids and monoglycerides

Match the following 1. submucosa 2. muscularis externa 3. serosa 4. mucosa a. protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal b. main site of nutrient absorption c. moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers d. responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

1. submucosa C. Moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers 2. Muscularis Externa D. responsible for segmentation and peristalsis 3. Serosa A. protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal 4. Mucosa B. main site of nutrient absorption

The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is NO ________. a. digestion taking place b. muscle tone c. enzymatic activity d. food in the alimentary canal

B. Muscle tone - The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than that in a living person because there is no muscle tone in a cadaver.

What substances from different organs would mix together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla? a. secretin and CCK b. bile and pancreatic enzymes c. brush border enzymes and intrinsic factor d. HCl and pepsin

B. bile and pancreatic enzymes - Bile and pancreatic enzymes mix at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi? a. the large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site. b. decreased surface area for absorption c. Salivary amylase secretion would increase. d. A duodenal ulcer would develop

B. decreased surface area for absorption - Decreased intestinal surface area would lead to decreased absorption, leading to a long list of problems such as malnutrition, dehydration, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalance.

Which of the following products does the stomach produce? a. pepsinogen and secretin b. mucus and amylase c. HCl and intrinsic factor d. bile and trypsin

C. HCl, IF, mucus, and pepsinogen (pepsin) are products of the stomach

Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by _________. a. excessive absorption of fat b. gallstones c. absorption of whole proteins d. lactase deficiency

C. absorption of whole proteins - Absorption of whole proteins, which stimulates an immune response, is the cause of many early-life food allergies.

The permanent dentition consists of ________ teeth in a full set. a. 10 b. 16 c. 20 d. 32

D. 32 - There are 20 teeth in the primary dentition and 32 teeth in the permanent dentition.

The main propulsive force that occurs in the majority of the alimentary canal is called ________. a. ingestion b. segmentation c. defecation d. peristalsis e. swallowing

D. peristalsis - peristalsis occurs as alternating waves of contraction and relaxation and serves to propel food down the tract.

Most water is absorbed in the __________. a. large intestine b. stomach c. liver d. small intestine

D. small intestine - A main digestive function of the small intestine is to absorb water. The small intestine is also the main site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.

The serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is called the ________. a. parietal peritoneum b. mesentery c. omentum d. visceral peritoneum

D. visceral peritoneum - the visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs. the parietal peritoneum lines the body wall. A mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall. the term omenta refers to mesenteries that are associated with the intestines

During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the ________. a. ileocecal valve b. pyloric sphincter c. esophageal sphincter d. urethral sphincter e. gastroesophageal sphincter

E. gastroesophageal sphincter - the gastroesophageal sphincter is the junction between stomach (gastro-) and esophagus. A loose gastroesophageal sphincter can cause heartburn or acid reflux

________ is/are NOT found in pancreatic secretions a. Cholecystokinin (CCK) b. Bicarbonate ions c. procarboxypeptidase d. chymotrypsinogen

A. Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Pancreatic juice contains water, enzymes, and electrolytes (mainly bicarbonate ions). Pancreatic enzymes include proteases to digest proteins (e.g., trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase), amylases to digest carbohydrates, lipases to digest fats, and nucleases to digest nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are released by the small intestine.

The increased concentration of HCO3- in blood draining from the stomach is called _________. a. the alkaline tide b. the chloride shift c. the gastric phase d. the enterogastric reflex

A. alkaline tide - In order for the stomach to produce hydrochloric acid (HCl), H+ ions are pumped into the stomach. As H+ ions are pumped into the stomach, chloride ions (Cl- ions) are also passed into the stomach in exchange for bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions. This exchange reaction (called the chloride shift), in which Cl+ is exchanged for HCO3-, leads to an accumulation of alkaline bicarbonate in the blood. This causes a more alkaline pH in the blood that is collected from the stomach, a phenomenon called the alkaline tide.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? a. chemical digestion of carbohydrates b. absorption of a few fat soluble substances c. mechanical breakdown of the bolus into chyme d. temporary holding area for food until it can be moved to the duodenum

A. chemical digestion of carbohydrates - The stomach does not produce enzymes to digest carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are chemically digested by salivary amylase in the mouth and by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine.

The ________ is the first segment of the small intestine. a. duodenum b. jejunum c. colon d. ileum

A. duodenum - There are three segments of the small intestine: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum is the smallest segment of the small intestine; it directly receives chyme from the stomach. The jejunum is the middle portion of the small intestine, and the last part is the ileum. The ileum leads into the large intestine. The colon is part of the large intestine.

Which of the following conditions is directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke? a. periodontitis b. dental caries c. impacted wisdom teeth d. gingivitis

A. periodontitis - Periodontitis is associated with an increased risk for heart disease or stroke.

During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation, ________. a. the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited b. the enterogastric reflex is turned off c. hormones reduce chief cell activity d. secretin causes more HCl release e. the gastroenteric reflex stomach activity

A. the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited - the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited

Someone on a fat-free diet would NOT efficiently absorb vitamin D from the diet. a. true b. false

A. true - The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Unless fats are ingested along with the fat-soluble vitamins, these vitamins will not be efficiently absorbed into the blood.

A weak gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter can result in heartburn A. true b. False

A. true - The gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. If the gastroesophageal sphincter is weak, the chyme from the stomach can reflux into the esophagus and cause heartburn.

Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine. a. true b. false

A. true - Watery stools, or diarrhea, result from any condition that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient time to absorb the remaining water.

Which of the following teeth are most commonly impacted? a. wisdom teeth b. incisors c. deciduous teeth d. premolars

A. wisdom teeth - Wisdom teeth are most common teeth to become impacted

Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen? a. enteroendocrine cells b. chief cells c. G cells d. parietal cells e. mucous cells

B. chief cells - Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, which is produced by chief cells located in the basal region of gastric glands

Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins. a. True b. false

B. false - Saliva cleanses the mouth, moistens food, dissolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted, and contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

Bile is stored and concentrated in the ________. a. liver b. gallbladder c. pancreas d. stomach

B. gallbladder - Bile is produced by the liver and it is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system? a. teeth b. intestines c. tongue d. salivary glands

B. intestines - the intestines are part of the alimentary canal; they are not an accessory organ

Which of the following is a condition affecting the large intestine that is NOT explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities? a. a hiatal hernia b. irritable bowel syndrome c. celiac disease d. pernicious anemia

B. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - IBS is not explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities and stress management is an important aspect of treatment

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the liver? a. it has a role in detoxifying the blood b. it has three lobes c. it stores glucose as glycogen d. it is highly regenerative

B. it has three lobes - The liver has four primary lobes (not three), it is able to store nutrients (such as glucose, stored in the form of glycogen), and it has a role in detoxifying the blood.The liver is also highly regenerative. It can regenerate to its normal size even after surgical removal or loss of 70% of its normal mass.

The final product of carbohydrate digestion is __________. a. starch b. monosaccharides c. polysaccharides d. disaccharides e. glycogen

B. monosaccharides - With the exception of fatty acids, all macromolecules are broken down to their monomers, such as when enzymes hydrolyze complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides.

Which sequence below represents the correct order of the tunics of the GI tract, starting from the layer adjacent to the lumen and moving superficially? a. submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa b. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa c. serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa d. muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa e. mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa

B. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa - The mucosa is the layer that lines the lumen; it is followed by the submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

What are the main organic molecules digested in the stomach? a. salts b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. lipids e. nucleic acids

B. proteins - the main enzyme produced by the stomach is pepsin, which digests protein (gastric lipases are only of minor importance)

What intestinal structure(s) consist(s) of protective aggregated nodules of lymphocytes and macrophages? a. the gastric pits b. the intestinal crypts c. Peyer's patches d. the muscularis mucosae e. the muscularis externa

C. Peyer's patches - Peyer's patches, which contain lymphocytes and macrophages, increase in number toward the end of the ileum, indicating that this region is rife with bacteria that must be prevented from entering the bloodstream.

Some aspects of the ________ phase of gastric secretion, which occur before food enters the stomach, may be considered conditioned reflexes. a. gastric b. intestinal c. cephalic d. esophageal

C. cephalic - Some aspects of the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, which is stimulated by the sight, taste, aroma, or thought of food, may be considered conditioned reflexes

The phases of gastric secretion, from first to last, are __________. a. gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase b. cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase c. cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase d. intestinal phase, gastric phase, cephalic phase

C. cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase - The three phases of gastric secretion, in order, are called 1) the cephalic (or reflex) phase, the 2) gastric phase, and 3) the intestinal phase. In the cephalic phase, the stomach prepares to receive food. In the gastric phase, gastric juices are released and chyme is churned in the stomach. In the intestinal phase, chyme is secreted into the small intestine.

Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility? a. CCK b. histamine c. gastrin d. secretin e. vasoactive peptide

C. gastrin - Gastrin is the major stomach hormone. Both the stomach and the small intestine produce this chemical.

Bacterial flora in the large intestine does NOT produce _________. a. CO2 b. B vitamins c. intrinsic factor d. vitamin K

C. intrinsic factor - Bacteria residing in the large intestine synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K. Enteric bacteria also form gases such as CO2, methane, H2, and N2, metabolic by-products of cellulose and other indigestible carbohydrates. Intrinsic factor is made by the stomach.

Which of the following is a characteristics of large intestine? a. it is the site for acid neutralization b. it has villi c. it contains epiploic appendages d. it provides no absorptive function e. it is not longer the small intestine

C. it contains epiploic appendages - Suspended from the large intestine are epiploic appendages, which are small fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

Which of the following statements about the mesentery is INCORRECT? a. Omenta is the special name for the part of mesentery extending from the curvature of the stomach. b. it holds the organs of the abdomen in place c. it is composed of a layer of the serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane d. it provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera

C. it is composed of layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane - the mesentery is composed of 2 layers of serous membranes fused together

The myxovirus causes ________. a. irritable bowel syndrome b. measles c. mumps d. infectious mononucleosis

C. mumps - The myxovirus causes mumps

Pepsin enzymatically digests _________. a. nucleic acids b. fat c. protein d. carbohydrate

C. protein - Lipases digest fats, amylases digest carbohydrates, proteases (such as pepsin) digest proteins, and nucleases digest nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.

The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by ________. a. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system b. the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system c. the enteric nerve plexuses d. higher brain centers

C. the enteric nerve plexuses stimulate the short reflexes in the digestive system.

In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the _______. a. stomach b. pancreas c. liver d. duodenum e. gallbladder

D. duodenum - The pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, where activation of proteases occurs. Secreting initially inactive forms of proteases prevents self-digestion of the pancreas.

Emulsification of which organic molecules would be most affected if the liver were severely damaged? a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. nucleic acids d. lipids

D. lipids - Fat emulsification occurs by the detergent action of bile salts from the liver.

Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzyme occurs within the _________ of the small intestine a. goblet cells b. circular folds c. villi d. microvilli

D. microvilli - The microvilli house brush border enzymes that digest carbohydrates and proteins in the small intestine.

The myenteric nerve plexus is located in which tunic of the alimentary canal? a. serosa b. mucosa c. submucosa d. muscularis externa

D. muscularis externa - the myenteric nerve plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the GI tract wall and controls motility

Most digestion occurs in the small intestine a. true b. false

a. true - Almost all digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine. The stomach has a role in the initial breakdown of protein, but very little nutrient absorption occurs in the stomach. Water, electrolytes, and some vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine. The liver can store nutrients, but it does not absorb nutrients from the GI tract into the blood.

The enteric nervous system is the in-house nerve supply of the alimentary canal. a. true b. false

a. true - The enteric nervous system is the in-house nerve supply of the alimentary canal. Enteric plexuses interconnect like chicken wire all along the GI tract and regulate digestive activity throughout its length.

The only stomach function that is essential to life is ________. a. mechanical digestion b. the secretion of intrinsic factor c. the presence of HCl d. the secretion of pepsinogen.

b. the secretion of intrinsic factor - The secretion of intrinsic factor is the only stomach function that is essential to life.