Ch 23 Terms APUSH

Fair Employment Practices Commission

- requiring that companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II.

TVA

-(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) - Relief, Recover, and Reform. -one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area., - The Tennessee Valley Authority federation was created in 1933 in order to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly impacted by the Great Depression

Father Coughlin

-A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal. -he was one of the first to reach a mass audience using the radio

Marian Anderson

-A famous African American concert singer who had her first performance in 1935, dazzling the audience and launching herself into fame. The next year she performed at the White House by presidential invitation, and performed on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial when the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to let her rent Constitution Hall (Eleanor Roosevelt and several others resigned after this decision).

Brain Trust

-A small group of young reform-minded intellectuals responsible for writing FDR's speeches and authoring much of the New Deal legislation.

AAA

-Agricultural Adjustment Act passed in 1933 -reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock -purpose was to reduce crop surplus and therefore effectively raise the value of crops. -created a new agency, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies. -it was an act of the New Deal Era

Bank Holiday

-All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. It lasted 4 days. -An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. -The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

CCC

-Civilian Conservation Corps -a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. -provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. -this was the most popular of the New Deal programs and helped to spread greater public awareness about the outdoors and the need to conserve natural resources

FDIC

-Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

Court Packing

-Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 -proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. -purpose was to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that the court had ruled unconstitutional. -ultimately, the plan died in congress -would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court, up to a maximum of six, for every member of the court over the age of 70 years and 6 months.

NIRA

-National Industrial Recovery Act -authorized the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery -established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration -was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and not replaced

Wagner Act

-National Labor Relations Act of 1935 -guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary. -also created the National Labor Relations Board, which conducts elections that can require employers to engage in collective bargaining with labor unions

"Soak the Rich" Tax

-Revenue Act of 1935 -raised United States federal income tax on higher income levels, by introducing the "Wealth Tax" -a progressive tax that took up to 75 percent of the highest incomes. -signed in by FDR

Keynesian Economics

-Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. -strongly influenced FDR's thinking and his New Deal legislation

WPA

-Works Progress Administration or the Work Projects Administration -the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects -very successful and provided jobs for millions over the course of about 8 years until full employment was reached during WWII.

Hoover Dam

-a concrete dam to block the Colorado river -constructed during the Great Depression in FDR's presidency but named after President Hoover. -it had thousands of workers so it provided many jobs during the Depression, not to mention power for many years to come

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States

-a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the commerce clause. -It essentially stated that Congress gave the President the power to regulate industry under National Industry Recovery Act but Congress does not have the authority to delegate such powers to the President. Congress may not delegate its legislative powers to the President. -rendered the NIRA unconstitutional

Economic Bill of Rights

-a list of rights proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt during his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944. -Roosevelt's remedy was to declare an "economic bill of rights" which would guarantee eight specific rights: Employment, with a living wage Food, clothing and leisure Farmers' rights to a fair income Freedom from unfair competition and monopolies Housing Medical care Social security Education -did not pass in Congress but strongly influenced Postwar Liberalism

Relief / Recovery / Reform

-a major aspect of the New Deal legislation -Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

First Hundred Days

-a time in America in which Roosevelt planned to put an end to the depression that was thought to have been caused by Former President Herbert Hoover. -This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. -It was the first 100 days of his presidency

Huey Long

-aka "Kingfish" -he was an outspoken populist who denounced the rich and the banks and called for "Share the Wealth." -his Share Our Wealth program proposed new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic

Francis Townsend

-an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. - Known as the "Townsend Plan", this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system

New Deal Coalition

-an American political term that refers to the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs(urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.) that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until the late 1960s.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

-an act passed by the United States Congress in 1933 in an attempt to stabilize the banking system. -as a result of bank runs and bank holidays, the bank system seemed on the verge of collapse -FDR set out to fix this by calling for a national bank holiday which lasted 4 days and then -new law allows the twelve Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency on good assets and thus the banks that reopen will be able to meet every legitimate call.

Treaty of Relations (Cuba/1934)

-as part of FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, the 1934 Treaty of Relations was to remove the irritating provisions of the 1903 Treaty of Relations with Cuba.

Social-Welfare Liberalism

-new deal activists, expanded the individuals right to governmental assistance. -Beginning in the 1930's and continuing until the 1970's, increased the scope of national legislation; created a centralized administrative system and instituted new programs such as social security and medicare, which increased the responsibility of the national government for the welfare of every american citizen.

Roosevelt Recession

-refers to a period from mid-1937 to 1938 when the economic recovery from the Great Depression temporarily stalled(some point to the fact that FDR began to cut spending again) -unemployment jumped up again and manufacturing output fell again. - In response, in April 1938 Roosevelt got $3.75 billion in new spending from Congress, which was split among various recovery agencies, and the economy once again began to recover.

21st Amendment

-repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol. -passed in 1933 and is the only amendment to have been passed by state ratifying conventions

Frances Perkins

-the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. -she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition and had a great impact on the Social Security Act.

Bonus March

-the popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. -led by Walter W. Waters -they were forcibly defused resulting in death and injuries -Eventually, they were paid their service certificates, but not till 1936 during FDR's presidency.

Dust Bowl

-was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US and Canadian prairies during the 1930s -severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused this -the unanchored soil turned to dust, which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds which went as far as the east coast -forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms.

Social Security Act

-was a social welfare legislative act which created the Social Security system in the United States which guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.