CH 25 Exam study
Identify the letter indicating the "neck" of the uterus.
A
Identify the letter indicating the ejaculatory duct.
A
Identify the letter indicating the site where ectopic pregnancies most commonly occur
A
name the 3 layers of the vagina, in what order, & which tissue type is the mucosa
Adventitia (Outer) Muscularis Mucosa - consists of lamina propria & stratified squamous epithelium (deepest)
what is the clitoris & what male structure is it homologous to
Anterior to vestibule, erectile tissue homologous to penis
testicular arteries
Arterial supply of the testes
Identify the letter indicating the gland that secretes neutralizing mucus prior to ejaculation.
B
pampiniform plexus
Network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery derived from the testicular vein. helps keep testes cool
name the blood vessels that take blood to and from the testes & what are its function
Pampiniform plexus- takes blood away from testes, takes away heat from the arteries
The most effective way to detect cervical cancer in its earliest stage is by a(n) ________.
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
what are the 3 layers of the wall of the uterus, which layer contracts during childbirth and what tissue type is it
Perimetrium Myometrium - contract during childbirth (smooth muscle) Endometrium (deepest)
chorionic villi
These are finger like projections that form the fetal portion of the placenta.
what is the fundus
Top part of the uterus (rounded superior portion)
Which of the following events occurs when the testes do not descend before birth?
Viable sperm will not be produced.
Which of the following occurs when the testes do not descend into the scrotum before birth
Viable sperm will not be produced.
events leading to fertilization
Sperm binds to the zona pellucida and undergoes the acrosomal reaction *cortical reaction* - enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to the egg
be able to sequence the development of spermatogonia to sperm (i.e. spermatogonia become what, then what, etc.)
Spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids
spiral arteries
Supply blood to functional layer of endometrium (a portion must regrow after each menses)
Although the ovaries and uterine tubes are retroperitoneal, oocytes are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity.
TRUE
Breast milk collects in the lactiferous sinus when a woman breastfeeds her infa
TRUE
Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum.
TRUE
Granulosa cells of a maturing ovarian follicle convert androgens to estrogens that will stimulate proliferation of the endometriu
TRUE
Oogenesis takes years to complete.
TRUE
Sustentocytes support developing sperm and form a blood-testis barrier.
TRUE
The epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicles are all derived from mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts.
TRUE
dartos muscle
a layer of smooth muscle. Responsible for wrinkling of scrotal skin reducing heat loss.
Of the following tubes, which is the only one that lies partly outside the testis?
efferent ductule
The ________ is formed by the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicles.
ejaculatory duct
the prostate
encircles the prostatic urethra secretes about 25-30% of seminal fluid
labia majora (majus)
encloses the labia minora (minus)
The uterus is composed of three basic layers. The innermost layer is the ________.
endometrium
Sperm become motile in the
epididymis.
Erection is caused by
erectile bodies filling with blood.
Ovarian follicles contain ________ and thecal cells which, after ovulation, differentiate into the corpus luteum
granulosa cells
The cells that secrete estrogens in females are
granulosa cells.
The function of the pampiniform plexus of veins is to
help cool blood.
clitoris
homologous to the male penis; composed of erectile tissue
the monthly menstrual cycle is due to
hormonal fluctuations in ovaries and uterus
ovarian cortex
houses developing oocytes
what is the hymen & where is it located
incomplete diaphragm (incomplete covering of vagina) -opening part of vagina
An ovulated oocyte swept into the oviduct via fimbriae moves from the ________ of the oviduct to the ampulla, then the isthmus, and finally into the uterus.
infundibulum
parts of the uterine tubes
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
Testes descend through the ________ into the scrotum.
inguinal canal
superior portion of ductus deferens runs through
inguinal canal
cytotrophoblast
inner layer of trophoblast
myometrium
interlacing bundles of smooth muscle
Type of cell in the testes that produces testosterone.
interstitial
The zona pellucida
is a protective shell around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur.
A hydrocele
is excess serous fluid in the scrotum.
The uterus consists of the fundus, body, cervix, and ________.
isthmus
The acrosomal reaction occurs
just before fertilization.
The female homologue of the male scrotum is the
labia majora.
The embryonic urethral folds develop into the female
labia minora.
In breast cancer, the cancer cells usually originate from the
lactiferous ductules.
what is the glans penis
large end (head of penis)
what does myoid cell do
like muscle, when contract, squeezes sperm out
In an adult woman who has never been pregnant, the breasts have poorly developed or no
lobules of acini/alveoli.
ovarian medulla
loose connective tissue
Which of the following is not contained in the fluid secreted by the seminal gland?
macrophages
what structures form the spermatic cord
made up of vas deferens, testicular vein and artery, and nerves
The first menstruation is called ________.
menarche
the uterine cycle has a series of cyclic phases of the endometrium:
mentrual phase - days 1-5 proliferative phase - days 6-14 secretory phase - days 15-28
name the artery that branches from the abdominal aorta & takes blood to the ovaries
mesenteries artery
The uterus is anchored to the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity by the ________, the largest section of the broad ligament.
mesometrium
An episiotomy during childbirth is performed to
minimize tearing of the central tendon and muscles of the pelvic floor.
breasts
modified sweat glands
endometrium
mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
follicles
multicellular sacs housing oocytes
the uterus is supported by
muscles of the pelvic floor and central tendon
Most support of the uterus is provided by the
muscles of the pelvic floor.
Which testicular cells help deliver sperm to the epididymis by contracting rhythmically?
myoid
the sperm is directed through the straight tubules, rete testes and efferent ductules by
myoid cell contraction and ciliated epithelium
This layer of the uterus contracts during parturition to expel the baby.
myometrium
the bulbo-urethral glands
neutralizes traces of acidic urine
Hypospadias
never occurs in females.
luteal phase
occurs in last half of the ovarian cycle (days 15-28)
The female uterine cycle begins
on the first day of menstruation.
three erectile bodies
one corpus spongiosum two corpora cavernosa
trophoblast
outer cells of the blastocyst that secrete enzymes that allow implantation
syncytiotrophoblast
outer layer of trophoblast
name the primary sex organ for the female
ovaries
the female reproductive system includes
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
mons pubis
overlies pubic symphysis
corpora cavernosa
paired structure that makes up most of the penis.
erection
parasympatheic control
Wall of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
uterine cycle
prepares uterine wall for implantation
the female reproductive system
produces gametes (ova)
three parts of the male urethra
prostatic, membranous/intermediate part, spongy
the male perineum
pubic symphysis anteriorly coccyx posteriorly ischial tuberosities laterally
fornix
recess formed at the superior part of the vagina as it meets the cervix
Tubules that connect testicular lobules with the efferent ductules of the epididymis.
rete testis
Which of the following anchors the uterus into an anteverted position in the pelvis?
round ligament
fundus
rounded upper portion of the uterus
what does interstitial cell do
secrete testoterone
In cows, the nipples (teats) are in the groin region, not in the midthorax as in humans. What is the most logical reason for this difference between cows and people?
Cows' mammary glands arise from a different part of the milk line.
Identify the letter indicating the tissue layer which is shed during menstruation.
D
ovarian cycle
stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes
The epithelium lining the vagina is
stratified squamous.
Contraction of the fibromuscular ________ of the prostate squeezes prostatic secretions into the urethra during ejaculation
stroma
All of the following are located within the spermatic cord except the
superficial inguinal ring.
what does sustentocyte cell do
supporting cells
Sustentocytes - Sertoli (nurse) cells
surround spermatogenic cells tight junctions between cells - create a blood testis barrier which protects developing sperm from the immune system.
In females, the paramesonephric ducts give rise to
the uterine tubes and uterus.
In addition to remaining granulosa cells, which of the following cell types make up the corpus luteum?
theca cells
What is scrotum used for
to keep sperm alive, surrounds testes
the ductus (vas) deferens
travels within the spermatic cord. At it's distal end it widens into the ampulla before joining the duct of the seminal gland to for the ejaculatory duct.
the testes have 2 tunics (coverings):
tunica vaginalis - testes enclosed in a serous sac tunica albuginea - fibrous capsule of the testes
glandular structure
undeveloped in non-pregnant women
anteverted (anteflexed)
usual position of uterus
ampulla of uterine tube
usual site of fertilization (not implantation)
straight arteries
uterine radial artery branch that supplies blood to the basal layer of the endometrium
The most common site of ectopic pregnancy is the
uterine tube.
The usual site of embryo implantation is the
uterus.
secondary follicle grows and becomes a
vesicular (graaflan) follicle - ready to be ovulated
The ________ of the female genitalia is a central space surrounded by the labia minora.
vestibule
What is dartos muscle used for
when contracts causes wrinkling of scrotum skin
What is cremaster muscle used for
when contracts pulls testes goes up -elevates testes
greater vstibular glands
secretes lubricating mucous when aroused
the corpus luteum
secretes progesterone and acts to prepare for implantation of an embryo
All of the following are functions of the sustentocytes in the seminiferous tubules except
secretion of testosterone.
The ________ phase of the uterine cycle occurs after ovulation
secretory
which accessory gland produces most of the volume of semen & which accessory gland produces a mucus
seminal glands cowper's gland
cervix
"neck" of the uterus
zona pellucida
(literally: clear zone) glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte forms
A difference between a primary follicle and a primordial follicle is that
) the primordial follicle has only a single layer of flat follicular cells, whereas the primary follicle is comprised of cuboidal follicle cells.
be able to sequence the stages of development as discussed in lecture & when is an individual considered a fetus
-Zygote (fertilize egg) -Embryo -Fetus - when all organs present: end of 8 weeks -Neonate (moment when born)
The typical (diploid) cells of the body have 46 chromosomes; how many chromosomes does each gamete have?
23
the duct of the epididymis is
6 m long (when uncoiled)
follicular phase
6-12 primordial follicles growth stimulated by FSH from anterior pituitary primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle primary follicles become a secondary follicle
what is the cervix
Below part of the uterus (neck of uterus)
Identify the letter indicating the gland that secretes lubricating mucus into the vaginal orifice
C
Identify the letter indicating the site of sperm maturation and storage
C
Identify the letter indicating where fertilization normally occurs
C
spermatic cord contains
Ductus deferens Testicular blood vessels Nerves
Identify the letter indicating the cervix.
E
Identify the letter indicating the organ that directs sperm toward the seminal vesicles during ejaculation.
E
be able to sequence the movement of sperm from the testis to the outside of the body
Epididymis-> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, a single primordial follicle develops, and theoocyte within it completes meios
FALSE
In females, the first sign of puberty is usually the onset of menarche, the first menstruation.
FALSE
Lobules and alveoli of the breast develop during pub
FALSE
Primordial follicles develop into primary oocytes within the germinal epithelium of the ovary.
FALSE
Seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm storage.
FALSE
Spermatogonia are located near the lumen of seminiferous tubules
FALSE
The ductus deferens and uterine tube are homologous structures, each deriving from the same embryonic duct.
FALSE
The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the ductus deferens and uret
FALSE
The spermatic cord is another name for the ductus deferens.
FALSE
During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, these vessels grow and proliferate.
spiral arteries
The suncytiotrophoblast secretes
HCG (measured in home pregnancy test kits) and many other substances to regulate pregnancy
what are the 3 regions of the uterine tube, in what order, & which region is the usual site of fertilization
Infundibulum Ampulla - usual site of fertilization Isthmus
Which of the following statements about pelvic inflammatory disease is incorrect?
It inhibits ovulation
sudden increase in _____ is signal for ovulation
LH
The structural basis of the blood-testis barrier is
the tight junctions between sustentocytes.
corpus luteum
The remains of a follicle after an oocyte has been released, and which secretes progesterone. (yellow body)
the seminal glands secrete
about 60% of the volume of semen, which contains substances that suppress immune response against semen.
the vagina consists of three coats
adventitia - fibrous connective tissue muscularis - smooth muscle mucosa - marked by transverse folds or rugae (consists of lamina propria and stratified squamous epithelium)
placental barrier consists of
all three layers of the chorionic villi: syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, extraembryonic mesoderm
The function of the cremaster muscle is to
alter the position of the testes in the scrotal sac with increases in ambient temperature
Inguinal hernias
always enter the inguinal canal.
Fertilization of the ovum normally occurs in this region of the oviduct.
ampulla
In which part of the uterine tube does fertilization usually occur?
ampulla
hymen
and incomplete diaphragm
The fluid-filled cavity in a mature ovarian follicle is known as
antrum.
The seminal vesicles
are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen.
Identify the letter indicating the organ commonly referred to as the birth canal
b
Identify the letter indicating the region of the uterus known as the fundus.
b
Why would a man's entire genetic heritage be placed in such a superficial and vulnerable location?
because sperm would not be viable at body temperature and the placement allows for a cooler temperature.
what is the purpose of the round ligament
bind uterus to anterior pelvic wall
round ligaments
bind uterus to the anterior pelvic wall
uterosacral ligaments
bind uterus to the posterior pelvic wall (sacrum)
penis shaft
body of penis that contains most erectile tissue
Which structure develops into the umbilical cord?
body stalk
The largest macroscopic region of the uterus is its
body.
the mammary glands
breasts
Which female structure is homologous to the corpus spongiosum of the penis?
bulb of the vestibule
Fingerlike placental structures where oxygen and nutrients from the maternal blood supply diffuse into the embryonic blood.
chorionic villi
The placenta consists of which two structures?
chorionic villi and decidua basalis
The bulb of the vestibule and the ________ are erectile bodies in females.
clitoris
Which structure is not derived from the embryonic paramesonephric ducts?
clitoris
corona radiata
coat of granulosa cells surround oocyte
isthmus
common site for ectopic pregnancy
Technically, the theca folliculi is not part of the ovarian follicle, although it is associated with it. Instead, the theca folliculi arises from the
connective tissue that fills the area between follicles.
The crura are extensions of the ________, the paired erectile bodies of the penis, and attach the penis to the pubic arch.
corpora cavernosa
if there is no implantation the corpus luteum dies and becomes a
corpus albicans (white body)
Which of the following organs does not contribute secretion(s) during the male sexual response?
corpus cavernosum
Contraction of the ________ in the wall of the spermatic cord raises the testes closer to the body cavity.
cremaster muscle
viruses, alcohol, and heroin can
cross the placental barrier
Identify the letter indicating the common passageway for semen and urine in men.
d
Identify the letter indicating the infundibulum
d
Involuntary contraction of this smooth muscle layer wrinkles and thickens the walls of the scrotum to prevent heat loss.
dartos muscle
In the early fetus, all of the following are parts of the chorionic villi except the
decidua.
In males, the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts
degenerate and don't form any structures in males.
infundibulum
distal end of uterine tube surrounded by fimbriae
glans penis
distal expanded end
Tubular organ that is transected during a vasectomy.
ductus deferens
Which of the following pairs of structures is not derived from the same embryonic tissues?
ductus deferens, uterine tube
Identify the letter indicating the female erectile tissue homologous to the male penis.
e
The deep inguinal ring is formed by
fascia layer deep to the transversus abdominis muscle.
tunica albuginea of ovary
fibrous capsule of ovary covered in simple cuboidal (germinal) epithelium.
suspensory ligaments (of cooper)
fibrous connective tissue, run from the dermis to the deep fascia and provides support for the breast
The opening of the oviduct is surrounded by these structures.
fimbriae
permatogenic cells are controlled by
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) testosterone
The ovarian cortex consists of
follicles and connective tissue.
the ovarian cycle has three successive phases
follicular phase ovulation luteal phase
what is the prepuce
foreskin
prepuce
foreskin (removed in circumcision)
By undergoing meiosis, each primary spermatocyte ultimately gives rise to how many sperm cells?
four
The capillaries within a chorionic villus of the placenta contain blood
from the fetus.
A woman's sex cells (germ cells) originate embryologically
from yolk sac endoderm.
During the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle, the inner ________ of the endometrium is shed.
functional layer
uterine wall - 2 layers
functional layer - shed with menses basal layer - not shed
Accessory sex organs
glands and external genitalia
lobules of the testis contain 1-4 coiled
seminferous tubules
The correct sequence of sperm-transporting tubules that transport spermatozoa to the epididymis is the
seminiferous tubule to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule.
seminiferous tubules
separated by areolar connective tissue
what cell forms the blood testis barrier & what is it used for
seratoli cells (tight junctions) - protects developing sperm from immune system
perimetrium
serous layer - is the visceral peritoneum
The milk-producing cells in the breast are
simple cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli.
Cremaster (suspender) muscle
skeletal (and smooth) muscle surrounding the testes contracts and elevates the testes in cold, relaxes in heat.
scrotum
skin and superficial fascia surrounding the testes.
A factor that propels an oocyte through the uterine tube is
smooth muscle contraction (peristalsis).
vestibule
space between the labia minora houses opening to urethra and vagina
spermatogenic cells produce
sperm
what does spermatogenic cell do
sperm forming cells
seminiferous tubules consits of
spermatogenic cells - sprem-forming cells columnar sustentocytes - sertoli (nurse) cells myoid cells - surround seminiferous tunules (contract rhythmically) interstitial endocrine cells (secrete testosterone that is regulated by LH)
corpus spongiosum
surrounds spongy urethra
The vaginal fornix
surrounds the tip of the cervix.
A woman has developed a cancerous lump in each breast, and the skin of the breasts is dimpled. What structure(s) is (are) causing the dimpling?
suspensory ligaments of the breast
ejaculation
sympathetic control
This multinucleate embryonic structure invades the uterus, digesting cells and maternal blood vessels to make way for development of the placenta.
syncytiotrophoblast
In the late stages of pregnancy, the placental barrier of the chorionic villi consists only of which two layers?
syncytiotrophoblast and capillary endothelium
oogenesis
takes many years to complete surge of LH Meiosis II is completed only if sperm penetration occurs.
name the primary sex organ for the male
testes
Primary sex organs (gonads)
testes and ovaries
All of the following are adaptations for keeping the testes cool except the
testicular artery.
Sperm are moved into the epididymis from the testis by
testicular fluid moved by cilia and smooth muscle cells.
During a 20-day journey, sperm gains
the ability to swim
fertilization occurs when
the chromosomes of male and female gametes join
The prepuce of the clitoris is formed by
the labia minora.
menstrual cycle
the monthly cycle as it affects all female reproductive organs
spermatogenesis
the production of sperm cells
At what point during fetal development is the decidua basalis/chorionic villi collectively referred to as the placenta?
the start of fourth month
Which of the following is the primary sex organ in the male?
the testis