ch 25

Type II diabetes mellitus

-non-insulin dependent -caused by receptor level resistance to insulin - partially inherited and partially due to environmental factors like obesity -meds can help body more effectively use the insulin it produces

A BMI of over ____ is considered obese.

30

fat soulable vitamins

A, D, E, K

The absorptive state

A. occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals.

Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of

ATP hydrolysis.

Water soluble vitamins include

B vitamins and vitamin C

During fasting, ketones produced by the liver

Can be used by the brain as an energy source

Catabolic hormones or conditions include the following:

Elevated plasma cortisol concentration

Which of the following occurs during the absorptive state?

Gluconeogenesis is suppressed

Which of the following occurs during the postabsorptive state?

Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis

Symptoms of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus include

Hyperglycemia and reduced blood volume

glucagon secretion is stimulated by

Hypoglycemia and high plasma concentration of epinephrine

the anabolic effects of insulin are accomplished by

Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes Increasing amino acid uptake by cells Stimulating the secretion of IGF-I by liver cells Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes and increasing amino acid uptake by cells

Which of the following is not a fate of absorbed glucose?

It is converted to amino acids by liver cells

Which of the following raises the metabolic rate?

Jogging at six miles per hour for twenty minutes Hyperthyroidism An increase in caloric intake

constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol."

Low-density lipoproteins

yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas ___________ yield about 9 kcal/g.

Proteins and carbohydrates; fats

a product of glycolysis.

Pyruvic acid

_____________ does not raise total metabolic rate (TMR).

Starvation

which of the following is not a monosaccharide?

Sucrose

A protein deficiency may be accompanied by edema because of

a decrease in plasma proteins and therefore a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure.

The body experiences two metabolic states: the __________ state is the period immediately after a meal, when nutrients are taken in through the intestinal wall into the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

absorptive

A negative nitrogen balance results from a net loss of

amino acids.

Metabolic rate can be measured by the

amount of heat generated and the amount of oxygen consumed by the body.

The metabolic rate of an awake, relaxed person, 12 to 14 hours after eating, at a comfortable temperature is known as the

basal metabolic rate.

Destruction of which pancreatic cells would cause hyperglycemia?

beta cells

Factors that affect BMR are

body size. body temperature. the level of endocrine activity. gender.

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?

c

Stimulate glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver, as well as the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.

catecholamines

Britney is 5'2" and weighs 130 pounds. Christina is 5'8" and weighs 140 pounds, Madonna is 5'6" and weighs 150, Rihanna is 5'10" and weighs 150, and Beyonce is 5'0" and weighs 120 pounds. Which woman has the lowest BMI?

christina

the liver does

convert ammonia to urea. carry out most beta oxidation. synthesize cholesterol. synthesize glucose from fats and amino acids.

The quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss is

cutaneous vasoconstriction.

What metabolic process produces ammonia?

deamination of glutamic acid

what metabolic process produces ammonia?

deamination of glutamic acid

Elevated concentrations of glucagon would result in

decreased glycogen synthesis.

Lipolysis is increased by

epinephrine, growth hormone, glucagon

Heat exhaustion results from

extreme electrolyte loss in the sweat.

Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis belong to catabolism.

f

If an individual consumes excess calories in the form of carbohydrates, the excess energy is stored as

fat

Lipids include

fats. oils. cholesterol. phospholipids.

What hormone is most important for maintaining blood glucose levels during the post-absorptive or fasting states?

glucagon

Stimulate the synthesis of enzymes in the liver that promote gluconeogenesis; promote protein synthesis in the liver and protein breakdown in the muscles.

glucocoriticoids

The synthesis of glucose from amino acids belongs to a metabolic process called

gluconeogenesis

When liver glycogen levels are inadequate to supply glucose, it is synthesized from molecules other than carbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol through

gluconeogenesis

When liver glycogen levels are inadequate to supply glucose, it is synthesized from molecules other than carbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol through __________.

gluconeogenesis

During the absorptive state

gluconeogenesis is suppressed.

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules is called

gluconeogenesis.

During the postabsorptive state

glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis.

During the postabsorptive state, the first source of glucose is

glycogen

Excess glucose in animals is stored as

glycogen

When excess glucose is present, it is used to form glycogen through a process called _________.

glycogenesis

The liver performs all of the following functions

glycogenesis. detoxification. phagocytosis. synthesis of plasma proteins.

Which is the healthiest ratio?

high HDL: low LDL

Insulin secretion is stimulated by _____________ blood glucose concentrations.

increased

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause

increased hepatic secretion of glucose and decreased uptake by skeletal muscles.

nsulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause

increased hepatic secretion of glucose and decreased uptake by skeletal muscles.

Uncontrolled type I diabetes mellitus

induces metabolic acidosis.

The major hormone promoter of anabolism is

insulin

Which of the following increase(s) lipogenesis?

insulin

Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated when

insulin is decreasing and glucagon is increasing.

The major hormone promoter of anabolism is

insulin.

Glycogenesis is stimulated by ____________, and glycogenolysis is stimulated by ____________.

insulin; glucagon and epinephrine

After eating, _________ signals the hypothalamus to suppress appetite.

leptin

The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively

maintain blood glucose levels.

is the total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

metabolism

Evangeline is 5'4" and weighs 200 pounds. According to the BMI chart, she is

obese

Which of the following would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?

patients with muscle atrophy

The condition associated with lack of intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of cyanobalamin is

pernicious anemia.

Lipid functions include all of the following

plasma membrane structure. forming myelin around nerve fibers. chemical structure of hormones. cushioning around soft organs.

lipid functions include all of the following

plasma membrane structure. forming myelin around nerve fibers. chemical structure of hormones. cushioning around soft organs.

The liver does not

produce insulin and glucagon.

Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of

proteins.

____________ is a product of glycolysis.

pyruvic acid

Both IDDM and NIDDM subjects will experience increased appetite because

specific appetite/satiety centers in the hypothalamus are not able to obtain enough glucose

Complex carbohydrates include

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Destruction of the alpha cells of the pancreas would decrease glucagon secretion.

t

The absorptive state is regulated mainly by insulin, whereas the postabsorptive state is regulated by multiple hormones

t

The heat-promoting center is located in the hypothalamus, which triggers shivering.

t

the absorptive state is regulated mainly by insulin, whereas the postabsorptive state is regulated by multiple hormones.

t

A positive energy balance occurs when

the calorie value of food is greater than energy expenditures.

HDL comes from

the liver.

Which hormone has no effect on blood glucose levels?

thyroid hormone

Regulate the rate of cell respiration and contribute to growth and development of the CNS in childhood.

thyroid horomone

Which hormone has no effect on blood glucose levels?

thyroid horomone

Most of body's fat is stored as

triglycerides.

BMI measures

weight in proportion to height.