ch 25
Type II diabetes mellitus
-non-insulin dependent -caused by receptor level resistance to insulin - partially inherited and partially due to environmental factors like obesity -meds can help body more effectively use the insulin it produces
A BMI of over ____ is considered obese.
30
fat soulable vitamins
A, D, E, K
The absorptive state
A. occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals.
Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of
ATP hydrolysis.
Water soluble vitamins include
B vitamins and vitamin C
During fasting, ketones produced by the liver
Can be used by the brain as an energy source
Catabolic hormones or conditions include the following:
Elevated plasma cortisol concentration
Which of the following occurs during the absorptive state?
Gluconeogenesis is suppressed
Which of the following occurs during the postabsorptive state?
Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis
Symptoms of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus include
Hyperglycemia and reduced blood volume
glucagon secretion is stimulated by
Hypoglycemia and high plasma concentration of epinephrine
the anabolic effects of insulin are accomplished by
Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes Increasing amino acid uptake by cells Stimulating the secretion of IGF-I by liver cells Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes and increasing amino acid uptake by cells
Which of the following is not a fate of absorbed glucose?
It is converted to amino acids by liver cells
Which of the following raises the metabolic rate?
Jogging at six miles per hour for twenty minutes Hyperthyroidism An increase in caloric intake
constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol."
Low-density lipoproteins
yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas ___________ yield about 9 kcal/g.
Proteins and carbohydrates; fats
a product of glycolysis.
Pyruvic acid
_____________ does not raise total metabolic rate (TMR).
Starvation
which of the following is not a monosaccharide?
Sucrose
A protein deficiency may be accompanied by edema because of
a decrease in plasma proteins and therefore a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure.
The body experiences two metabolic states: the __________ state is the period immediately after a meal, when nutrients are taken in through the intestinal wall into the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
absorptive
A negative nitrogen balance results from a net loss of
amino acids.
Metabolic rate can be measured by the
amount of heat generated and the amount of oxygen consumed by the body.
The metabolic rate of an awake, relaxed person, 12 to 14 hours after eating, at a comfortable temperature is known as the
basal metabolic rate.
Destruction of which pancreatic cells would cause hyperglycemia?
beta cells
Factors that affect BMR are
body size. body temperature. the level of endocrine activity. gender.
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
c
Stimulate glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver, as well as the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
catecholamines
Britney is 5'2" and weighs 130 pounds. Christina is 5'8" and weighs 140 pounds, Madonna is 5'6" and weighs 150, Rihanna is 5'10" and weighs 150, and Beyonce is 5'0" and weighs 120 pounds. Which woman has the lowest BMI?
christina
the liver does
convert ammonia to urea. carry out most beta oxidation. synthesize cholesterol. synthesize glucose from fats and amino acids.
The quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss is
cutaneous vasoconstriction.
What metabolic process produces ammonia?
deamination of glutamic acid
what metabolic process produces ammonia?
deamination of glutamic acid
Elevated concentrations of glucagon would result in
decreased glycogen synthesis.
Lipolysis is increased by
epinephrine, growth hormone, glucagon
Heat exhaustion results from
extreme electrolyte loss in the sweat.
Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis belong to catabolism.
f
If an individual consumes excess calories in the form of carbohydrates, the excess energy is stored as
fat
Lipids include
fats. oils. cholesterol. phospholipids.
What hormone is most important for maintaining blood glucose levels during the post-absorptive or fasting states?
glucagon
Stimulate the synthesis of enzymes in the liver that promote gluconeogenesis; promote protein synthesis in the liver and protein breakdown in the muscles.
glucocoriticoids
The synthesis of glucose from amino acids belongs to a metabolic process called
gluconeogenesis
When liver glycogen levels are inadequate to supply glucose, it is synthesized from molecules other than carbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol through
gluconeogenesis
When liver glycogen levels are inadequate to supply glucose, it is synthesized from molecules other than carbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol through __________.
gluconeogenesis
During the absorptive state
gluconeogenesis is suppressed.
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules is called
gluconeogenesis.
During the postabsorptive state
glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis.
During the postabsorptive state, the first source of glucose is
glycogen
Excess glucose in animals is stored as
glycogen
When excess glucose is present, it is used to form glycogen through a process called _________.
glycogenesis
The liver performs all of the following functions
glycogenesis. detoxification. phagocytosis. synthesis of plasma proteins.
Which is the healthiest ratio?
high HDL: low LDL
Insulin secretion is stimulated by _____________ blood glucose concentrations.
increased
Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause
increased hepatic secretion of glucose and decreased uptake by skeletal muscles.
nsulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause
increased hepatic secretion of glucose and decreased uptake by skeletal muscles.
Uncontrolled type I diabetes mellitus
induces metabolic acidosis.
The major hormone promoter of anabolism is
insulin
Which of the following increase(s) lipogenesis?
insulin
Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated when
insulin is decreasing and glucagon is increasing.
The major hormone promoter of anabolism is
insulin.
Glycogenesis is stimulated by ____________, and glycogenolysis is stimulated by ____________.
insulin; glucagon and epinephrine
After eating, _________ signals the hypothalamus to suppress appetite.
leptin
The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively
maintain blood glucose levels.
is the total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
metabolism
Evangeline is 5'4" and weighs 200 pounds. According to the BMI chart, she is
obese
Which of the following would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?
patients with muscle atrophy
The condition associated with lack of intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of cyanobalamin is
pernicious anemia.
Lipid functions include all of the following
plasma membrane structure. forming myelin around nerve fibers. chemical structure of hormones. cushioning around soft organs.
lipid functions include all of the following
plasma membrane structure. forming myelin around nerve fibers. chemical structure of hormones. cushioning around soft organs.
The liver does not
produce insulin and glucagon.
Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of
proteins.
____________ is a product of glycolysis.
pyruvic acid
Both IDDM and NIDDM subjects will experience increased appetite because
specific appetite/satiety centers in the hypothalamus are not able to obtain enough glucose
Complex carbohydrates include
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Destruction of the alpha cells of the pancreas would decrease glucagon secretion.
t
The absorptive state is regulated mainly by insulin, whereas the postabsorptive state is regulated by multiple hormones
t
The heat-promoting center is located in the hypothalamus, which triggers shivering.
t
the absorptive state is regulated mainly by insulin, whereas the postabsorptive state is regulated by multiple hormones.
t
A positive energy balance occurs when
the calorie value of food is greater than energy expenditures.
HDL comes from
the liver.
Which hormone has no effect on blood glucose levels?
thyroid hormone
Regulate the rate of cell respiration and contribute to growth and development of the CNS in childhood.
thyroid horomone
Which hormone has no effect on blood glucose levels?
thyroid horomone
Most of body's fat is stored as
triglycerides.
BMI measures
weight in proportion to height.