Ch 3. Cells LearnSmart

central vacuole in plants

contains enzymes, salts, pigments, sugars, and acids

the _____ is the fluid matrix between the cel membrane and the nucleus

cytoplasm

the _____ is the fluid matrix between the cell membrane and the nucleus

cytoplasm

the two-layered nuclear envelope separated the nucleus of a cell from the

cytoplasm

the two-layered nuclear envelope separates the nucleus of a cell from the

cytoplasm

what cell structure binds to mRNA coming from the nucleus and manufactures proteins?

ribosome

the nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of _____ are assembled

ribosomes

select all of the following that are found in mitochondria

ribosomes, enzymes, DNA

proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the _____ endoplasmic reitculum

rough

proteins to be secreted outside of the eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the _____ endoplasmic reticulum

rough

select the true statement describing how DNA in the nucleus is used to specify protein production by the cell

DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus, and the mRNA is used outside the nucleus to make proteins

what is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope where proteins and lipids are produced?

Endoplasmic reticulum

making a membrane protein

1. in the nucleus, genes in the DNA that encode the membrane protein are copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). 2. the mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope 3. the mRNA binds to a ribosome of the rough ER and produces a protein, which exits the ER in a vesicle 4. the vesicle delivers the protein to the Golgi apparatus, where the protein folds and is packaged in the vesicle for export from the cell 5. the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein into the membrane surface

the _____ is a series of flattened sacs which sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane

Golgi apparatus

select types of cells that have relatively more lysosomes

White blood cells and liver cells

select all of the following that are true about eukaryotic flagella

anchored by basal body, prominent in sperm cells, and contain microtubules

if an mRNA specifies a protein to be used in the cell membrane or to be secreted from the cell, this protein is made on ribosomes that

attach to the endoplasmic reticulum

enzymes in the Golgi apparatus can synthesize and attach _____ to proteins and lipids, forming glycoproteins and glycolipids

carbohydrates

what plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?

central vacuole

each centrosome in animal cells contains two _____, which form basal bodies of flagella and cilia and spindle fibers of chromosomal division

centrioles

in animal cells, structures called _____ are microtubule-organizing centers that contain the centrioles

centrosomes

the organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the _____, which is a type of plastid

chloroplast

short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some cells like a fringe, are powered by microtubules, and have coordinated movements are called

cilia

some protists, like Paramecium, are able to move through a watery environment with thousands of short extensions on the cell called _____

cilia

select all of the locomotory structures that consist of nine microtubule pairs surrounding two separate microtubules and connected by dynein protein

cilia and flagella

although both are involved in movement and arise from basal bodies of microtubules, _____ are short and numerous extensions, whereas _____ are longer and occur singly or in pairs

cilia; flagella

defective proteins, such as ankyrin and dystrophin, and impact injuries to brain cells can disrupt the normal structural support provided by the _____ and cause the cells to degenerate

cytoskeleton

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cells lack the protein dystrophin, which is a component of the _____ in muscle cells

cytoskeleton

three types of protein filaments (actin molecule, protein subunits, and tubulin subunits) comprise the _____, which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell

cytoskeleton

what is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?

cytoskeleton

the _____ is a protein network that occurs within the cytoplasm that provides support and helps in _____

cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections

select all of the following that are true about peroxisomes

detoxifies H2O2, break down fatty acids, dismantle toxins from the blood, and internal proteins can condense into crystals

food vacuole in amoebas

digest nutrients engulfed by cell

the internal membrane of several organelles are interconnected and form the _____ system of a eukaryotic cell

endomembrane

peroxisomes are organelles that originate at the _____ and contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances

endoplasmic reticulum

select the organelles that are involved in the production of milk proteins to be secreted by mammary gland cells in animals called mammals

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nucleus

what theory describes how ancient organisms engulfed bacterial cells and, instead of being digested, the bacterial cells became organelles within the host cells?

endosymbiosis

what types of cells are likely to contain thousands of mitochondria

energy-consuming muscle cells

lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive _____ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris

enzymes

select all of the following that are true about lysosomes

enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions, contain enzmyes tagged with sugars, and can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles

what eukaryotic cellular extension is long, has a whiplike motion that propels cells, and usually occurs singly or in pairs?

flagellum

lysosomes originate from vesicles that bud from the _____, and the enzymes contained in lysosomes are synthesized in the _____

golgi apparatus; rough ER

cytoskeletal components called _____ filaments are made of different proteins depending upon the cell type and help to maintain cell shape and bind some cells together

intermediate

select all of the following that are found in the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane

ions and enzymes, RNA and ribosomes, and cytoskeleton

cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a(n) _____

mitochondrion

within the nucleus, protein synthesis information in DNA is copied into _____, which then exit the nucleus through nuclear pores

mRNA molecules

what type of cytoskeleton filament is shown in the picture? (actin molecule)

microfilament

cytoskeletal components called _____ are long, thin rods of actin protein that are used in muscle contractions, stretching and compression, and anchoring of cells

microfilaments

what type of cytoskeleton filament is shown in the picture? (tubulin subunits)

microtubule

which of the three main components of the cytoskeleton is composed of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells

microtubules

which of the three main components of the cytoskeleton is composed of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells?

microtubules

cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelles called a(n) _____

mitochondria

select the organelles that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis

mitochondria and chloroplasts

select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum

the _____ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus

nuclear pores

the _____ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nulcleus

nuclear pores

the subunits of ribosomes are synthesized in the

nucleolus

the enzymes in one lysosome could not digest a cell because the _____ of the lysosome is lower than the neutral cytoplasm and therefore the lysosome enzymes would not be able to function fully in the cell cytoplasm

pH

what organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions?

peroxisome

contractile vacuole in Paramecium

pump excess water out of the cell

lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the _____ endoplasmic reticulum

smooth

which of the following are correct concerning plant organelles called plastids?

some assemble and store starch, they contain their own DNA and ribosomes, and some, such as chloroplasts, synthesize pigments

select all of the characteristics of organelles

surrounded by membranes, studded with membrane proteins, and contain distinct proteins

select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell

transportation, aids cell division, and structural support

plant cells have large central _____ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells

vacuole

membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called

vesicles

membrane proteins synthesized in the ER are transported in _____ to the _____, where the proteins will complete their folding and be packaged for export to the cell membrane

vesicles; Golgi apparatus