Ch. 38 (NO CH. BUT WITH 36 & 39)

According to the Z scheme, how many photoactivation events occur during photosynthesis?

2

A major purpose of the electrochemical gradient generated in the light reactions of photosynthesis is to synthesize ______

ATP

What is the source of most plant dry mass? Potassium Phosphorus Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide

Which term best describes a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and metabolism? Nutrient Growth factor Element Limiting factor

Nutrient

Which of the following is a soil feature that enhances plant growth? High proportion of silt Tendency to leach minerals The presence of humus Compact with few air pockets

The presence of humus

Which nutrient is the source of most of the hydrogen atoms and some of the oxygen atoms in organic compounds? Hydrogen peroxide Glucose Water

Water

A pigment is a molecule that can: create light inhibit light absorb light

absorb light

After a pair of ________ reach QB, each enters a transport chain in the thylakoid membrane

electrons

Adding dead leaves to soil contributes to its content of: acids humus loam silt

humus

Photosynthesis is divided into two stages: the _________ reactions and the _______ cycle

light Calvin

Symbiotic associations between the roots of a plant and fungi are known as __________

mycorrhizae

The reactions of the Calvin cycle occur in the: cytoplasm thylakoid lumen stroma plasma membrane thylakoid membrane

stroma

The energy required for the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide ultimately comes from _________

sunlight

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the _________ membrane, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________ of the chloroplast.

thylakoid stroma

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. Select all of the following that are true of photosynthesis. water is oxidized oxygen is reduced glucose is oxidized carbon dioxide is reduced

water is oxidized carbon dioxide is reduced

Which of the following are components of both PSI and PSII? A reaction center NADP+ reductase An ATP synthase A light harvesting complex

A light harvesting complex A reaction center NADP = PSI ATP Synthase = PSII

What provides the energy for the synthesis of ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis? Active transport by ATP synthase A proton gradient across a membrane ATP hydrolysis Excitation of a phosphate group by light

A proton gradient across a membrane

Select all examples of plant-bacterial symbioses. Peanuts and rhizobia Sundew and mycobacteria Alders and actinobacteria Ferns and cyanobacteria

Alders and actinobacteria Ferns and cyanobacteria Peanuts and rhizobia

What is the general equation for photosynthesis? CO2 + 2H2A →2CH2O + ATP CO2 + 2H2A + light energy → CH2O + H2O CO2 + 2H2A + light energy → CH2O + A2 + H2O CO2 + 2H2A + light energy → 2 CH2O + A2

CO2 + 2H2A + light energy → CH2O + A2 + H2O

Match each plant symbiotic organism with its features. Cyanobacteria Actinobacteria Rhizobia Photosynthetic nitrogen fixers Heterotrophic nitrogen fixers associated with trees Heterotrophic nitrogen fixers associated with legumes

Cyanobacteria - Photosynthetic nitrogen fixers Actinobacteria - Heterotrophic nitrogen fixers associated with trees Rhizobia - Heterotrophic nitrogen fixers associated with legumes

What is the name for the material that comes in organic and inorganic forms and can compensate for deficiencies in soil organic matter or mineral content? Fertilizer Chlorosis Loam Humus

Fertilizer

Which of the following is the primary output of the Calvin cycle? Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Ribulose biphosphate Starch

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

What is the function of chlorophyll during photosynthesis? It synthesizes ATP. It oxidizes water. It absorbs light energy. It synthesizes glucose.

It absorbs light energy.

Select all functions of nitrogen. It is used in the synthesis of alkaloids. It is used to synthesize amino acids and nucleotides. It acts as a cofactor for many enzymes. It is required for photosynthetic reactions involved in oxygen

It is used in the synthesis of alkaloids. It is used to synthesize amino acids and nucleotides.

Select all features of humus. It carries oxygen It reduces soil erosion It enhances weathering It holds mineral nutrients

It reduces soil erosion It holds mineral nutrients

Why is humus a beneficial component of soil? Reduces aeration of the soil Lessens erosion It prevents microbial growth Composed of a mixture of sand, silt and clay Binds mineral nutrients to improve fertility Soft consistency fosters root growth

Lessens erosion Binds mineral nutrients to improve fertility Soft consistency fosters root growth

What energy conversion occurs during photosynthesis? Light energy is converted to electrochemical energy, which is converted to chemical energy Electron transport energy is converted into a biological battery Chemical energy is converted to electrochemical energy, which is converted to chemical energy Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is converted to carbohydrate energy

Light energy is converted to electrochemical energy, which is converted to chemical energy in a sugar molecule

How does an electron present in the pigment of the light-harvesting complexes become excited? Light excites an electron in a pigment found in the light-harvesting complexes of the photosystems. Electrons are boosted from a ground state by electromagnetic radiation via chlorophyll in PSII exclusively Light is able to break glucose into pyruvate, which can then generate reducing power in the citric acid cycle Light excites a water molecule, which splits, sending the electron d

Light excites an electron in a pigment found in the light-harvesting complexes of the photosystems.

Match each plant and its biological source of nutrients. Most seed plants Carnivorous plants Nonphotosynthetic plants Legumes Rhizobia Mycorrhizae Green plant hosts Insect prey

Most seed plants - Mycorrhizae Carnivorous plants - Insect prey Nonphotosynthetic plants - Green plant hosts Legumes - Rhizobia

Match each example with the pair of interacting organisms. Mycorrhizae Rhizobia Actinobacteria Carnivorous plants Parasitic plants plants and plants plants and fungi plants and insects legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria trees and nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Mycorrhizae - plants and fungi Rhizobia - legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria Actinobacteria - trees and nitrogen-fixing bacteria Carnivorous plants - plants and insects Parasitic plants - plants and plants

Which of the following are products of the light reactions that are used by the Calvin cycle to make carbohydrates? NADPH NADPH, ATP, and 02 ATP NADPH and ATP ATP and 02

NADPH and ATP

What molecule is produced by photosystem II? Water Sugar Carbon dioxide Oxygen

Oxygen

What happens during photosynthesis? Plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules. Plants capture energy from sunlight and convert the energy into glucose. Reason: Energy cannot be converted into a chemical molecule. The glucose that is produced during photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide. Plants use energy from the sun to synthesize chlorophyll. Plants convert glucose into oxygen.

Plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules.

What are the three mineral nutrients that most frequently limit crop growth? Calcium, potassium, nitrogen Magnesium, phosphorus, calcium Potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen

Potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen

Which of the following includes all categories of inorganic soil particles? Sand, silt, clay Clay, sediment, bedrock Silt, clay, bedrock Sand, silt, sediment

Sand, silt, clay

Select all functions of water in plants. Product of photosynthesis Solvent for lipids Transport of solutes Source of hydrogen for photosynthesis

Transport of solutes Source of hydrogen for photosynthesis

The model for photosynthesis that incorporates two photoactivation events and shows the series of energy changes during the light reactions of photosynthesis is called the ________ ________

Z scheme

The electrostatic charges on clay particles: are negative and bind cations are positive and bind anions are positive and bind cations are negative and bind anions

are negative and bind cations

A(n) ___________ can synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules, while a(n) ___________ must consume food to obtain organic molecules.

autotroph heterotroph

The replacement of mineral cations by hydrogen ions on the surfaces of clay particles is a process known as ________ ________

cation exchange

In the light reactions, ATP is generated via: the direct excitation of electrons chemiosmosis glycolysis the Calvin cycle

chemiosmosis

Similar to ATP synthesis in mitochondria, ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is achieved by a(n) _________ mechanism called photophosphorylation.

chemiosmotic

Match each type of soil particle to its correct size range. sand silt clay particles are smaller than 2 μm in diameter particles are 2 mm to 62.5 μm in diameter particles are 20 μm to 2 μm in diameter

clay: particles are smaller than 2 μm in diameter sand: particles are 2 mm to 62.5 μm in diameter silt: particles are 20 μm to 2 μm in diameter

Light is a type of ______ radiation because it consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields. beta particle sound proton electromagnetic

electromagnetic

In photosynthesis, glucose is synthesized from CO2. This reaction is: endergonic an oxidation reaction spontaneous exergonic

endergonic

Sunlight provides the ________ that is necessary for the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide.

energy

True or false: Glucose is the primary output of the Calvin cycle.

false

The electrochemical gradient generated in the light reactions of photosynthesis is used primarily to: generate NADPH via NADP+ reductase split water generate ATP via ATP synthase

generate ATP via ATP synthase

Living organisms that are not plants depend on photosynthesis because photosynthesis produces: (1) organic molecules such as _______ that can be used for nourishment; and (2) the ___________ gas that makes up a large portion of the Earth's atmosphere.

glucose oxygen

Carbon dioxide is taken up by growing plants, and the carbon is a component of all organic molecules in the plant. Therefore, carbon is considered to be an essential plant __________

nutrient

The splitting of water in photosystem II results in the production of ________ gas

oxygen

Electron transport generates an electrochemical H+ proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. ATP is generated by the ATP synthase enzyme using the energy released when: protons move down their electrochemical gradient by facilitated diffusion protons are combine with oxygen to replenish water protons move against their electrochemical gradient by active transport protons move down their electrochemical gradient by simple diffusion

protons move down their electrochemical gradient by facilitated diffusion

Most plants obtain CO2 gas from the atmosphere by absorption through pores in the epidermis called _________

stomata

During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced by: The addition of electrons to water in PS2 the removal of electrons from water in PS2 the removal of electrons from water in PS1 the Calvin cycle

the removal of electrons from water in PS2

Photosystems I and II are located in: the inner mitochondrial membrane the stroma the thylakoid membrane the intermembrane space

the thylakoid membrane (chloroplasts)

The electrons that exit PSII are replenished by electrons from oxidized _________ which yields oxygen gas that can be used by plant cells or released to the environment.

water

Select all major nutrients that plants must take in for growth. arsenic water nitrogen potassium carbon dioxide

water nitrogen potassium carbon dioxide