Ch 5

List and define the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome, which are the body's response to a stressor.

1. Alarm: the body first becomes aware of a threat 2. Resistance: the body attempts to restore homeostasis 3. Exhaustion: the body terminates coping efforts because of its inability to physically sustain the state of disequilibrium

List and define the three categories of psychological stress.

1. Harm: A damaging event has already occurred 2. Threat: A perceived potential for harm that has not yet happened (most common form of psychological stress) 3. Challenge: An event we appraise as an opportunity rather than an occasion for alarm. Mobilized to struggle against the obstacle, as with a threat, but our attitude is quite different - not defensive and resisting change, but instead we are excited, expansive, and confident about the task to be undertaken - may be exciting and productive experience

List and define the three social support indicators developed by Uchino (2009) that can be used by social workers to evaluate social support.

1. Listing of social network resources: lists all the people with whom one regularly interacts 2. Accounts of supportive behavior: identifies specific episodes of receiving support from others in recent past 3. Perceptions of support: subjectively assesses the adequacy of the support received from various sources

List the three types of social support resources available to an individual.

1. Material support: food, clothing shelter, and other concrete items 2. Emotional support: interpersonal support 3. Instrumental support: services provided by casual contacts such as grocers, hairstylists and landlords

List the five stages of social identity development.

1. Naivete: no social consciousness, unaware of particular codes of behavior for members of our group or any social group. Accept parental socialization, not completely comfortable with racial, ethnic, religious differences we observe, but o not feel fearful, superior, or inferior. Mainly curious about differences. 2. Acceptance: Older children and young adolescents learn distinct ideologies and belief systems of their own and other social groups. The world's institutions and authority figures have rules that encourage certain behaviors and prohibit others, and we internalize these dominant cultural beliefs and make them a part of our everyday lives. The way our group does things is normal, makes more sense and is better. Others are strange, marginal and perhaps inferior. Passively or actively accept differences by joining orgs that highlight our own identity and perhaps devalue others 3. Resistance: In adolescence or even later, become aware of harmful effects of acting on social differences. New experiences with members of other social groups that challenge prior assumptions - reevaluate those and investigate our own role in perpetuating harmful differences. May feel anger at those who foster irrational differences. Begin to move toward redefining social identity that is broader than previous definition 4. Redefinition: process of creating a new social identity that preserves our pride in our origins while perceiving differences with others as positive representations of diversity. Might isolate from some members of our social group and shift toward interactions with others who share our level of awareness. All groups rich in strengths and values, may reclaim our own group heritage but broaden our definition of that heritage 5. Internalization: final stage, comfortable with revised identity and able to incorporate it into all aspects of life. Act unconsciously without external controls. Life is ongoing process of discovering vestiges of old biases but now we test our integrated new identities in wider contexts than our limited reference group. Appreciation of plight of all oppressed people, enhanced empathy for others. Internalization stage is ongoing challenge rather than end state

List and describe the three stages of a crisis episode.

1. Our level of tension increases sharply 2. We try and fail to cope with the stress, which further increases our tension and contributes to our sense of being overwhelmed. We are particularly receptive to receiving help from others at this time 3. The crisis episode ends, either negatively (unhealthy coping), or positively (successful management of the crisis)

Which of the following is not one of the ways stress has been measured? A. attachment to caregiver B. role strain C. life events D. daily hassles

A. attachment to caregiver

An infant who is distressed when his mother leaves and continues to be distraught upon her return, even she comforts and hold him, is thought be:

Anxious-ambivalently attached

An infant who seems to be undisturbed when his mother leaves and she returns is thought to be:

Avoidantly attached

Which of the following workers are least likely to experience compassion stress? A. fire fighter B. banker C. social worker D. disaster relief worker

B. banker

When Marcus returns to his second year of college he may feel more excited and confident about trying to interact more positively with his classmates. Which category of psychological stress is she experiencing?

Challenge

Cathy has recently separated from her husband of 30 years and is facing the possibility of a divorce. She has always been a person who positively copes with most obstacles in her life but is very depressed and overwhelmed. How would you define her current psychological state?

Crisis

There are many common occurrences in a person's life that are taxing, like waiting in line, losing things, and worrying about money. What measurement of stress is this?

Daily hassles

When a person manages stress based on a stable personality characteristic, it is considered to be what type of coping?

Defense mechanisms

List and define two of the common defense mechanisms and give an example of each one.

Denial: negating an important aspect of reality that one may actually perceive. A man acts like he never liked the woman who just broke up with him in order to ignore his unpleasant feelings. Projection: attributing unacceptable thoughts and feelings to others. A woman accuses her coworker of self-sabotage and drinking too much when she is abusing drugs and sex

When an infant displays chaotic and conflicted behavior and seems incapable of applying any consistent strategy to bond with his parents this is known as:

Disorganized attachment

When a person approaches a stressful situation with vigilance or avoidance this is what type of coping?

Emotion-focused coping

True or False. When infants have a disorganized attachment style, they seem to be relatively undisturbed both when their mothers leave and when they return.

False. Disorganized attachment is characterized by chaotic and conflicted behaviors. Simultaneous approach and avoidance behaviors, seem incapable of applying any consistent strategy to bond with their parents

True or False. In thinking about feminism it refers to a single body of thought.

False. It refers to a wide-ranging system of ideas about human experience developed from a woman-centered perspective. Feminist theory may be classified as liberal, radical, Marxist, socialist, existential, postmodern, multicultural, or ecofeminist

True or False. Relation theory is a cognitive theory of human development that considers our ability to form lasting attachments with others to be based on adolescent experiences of separation from and connection with primary caregivers.

False. Relational regulation theory hypothesizes that main effects occur when people regulate their affect, thoughts, and actions through ordinary yet affectively consequential, conversations and shared activities, rather than through conversations about how to cope with stress. ?

The body's response to a stressor is called:

General adaptation syndrome

When Marcus went to college, he avoided interaction with his classmates which led to him feeling rejected. Which category of psychological stress is he experiencing?

Harm

____________ theory has arisen to propose more positively that affirmations toward one's group, particularly with regard to ethnicity, should correspond with higher levels of acceptance toward dissimilar groups.

Multicultural

The stage of social identity when children are curious about differences is:

Naivete

When a person experiences a set of symptoms that include persistently reliving an event, avoiding stimuli associated with the event, and continuing to have a persistent high state of arousal this is called:

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

When a person tries to change a stressful situation by acting on the environment, this is what type of coping?

Problem-focused coping

Define problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping and give an example of each one.

Problem-focused coping changes the situation by acting on the environment. A woman is unhappy in a relationship and decides to leave in order to resolve said unhappiness. Emotion-focused coping changes either the way a stressful situation is attended to (by vigilance or avoidance) or the meaning to oneself of what is happening. External situation does not change but attitudes and behaviors toward it do. The same woman then has to deal with emotional, financial, and sexual repercussions of said break up. She must remind herself that the difficulty now is worth her happiness later and find motivation to stick with her original decision. ME

The stage of social identity when people embrace their own group heritage and see all groups as being rich in strengths and values is:

Redefinition

When a person copes by taking into account actions that maximize the survival of others such as family, children, and friends, this is what type of coping?

Relational coping

Everyone in life experiences problems as a romantic partner, caregiver, parent, or worker. What measurement of stress is this?

Role strain

In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the challenge of industry versus inferiority takes place in which life stage?

School age

An infant who feels distressed when his mother leaves but is eager and warm upon her return is thought to be:

Securely attached

Identify and define the four attachment styles associated with Attachment Theory.

Securely attached: somewhat distressed when parent figures leave but greet eagerly and warmly when they return - parents are sensitive and accepting - unconcerned about security needs and thus free to direct energies toward nonattachment-related activities in the environment Anxious-ambivalently attached: distraught when parents leave, continue to be distressed even when they return and want to be comforted and held - parents are unpredictable and inconstistent - fear potential abandonment and maximize efforts to maintain close parental attachments and hypervigilant for threat cues or signs of rejection Avoidantly-attached: undisturbed when parents leave and return - allows children to maintain sense of proximity to parents who otherwise may reject them - suppress expressions of overt distress - rather than risk further rejection give up on proximity efforts Disorganized-attachment: chaotic and conflicted behaviors, simultaneous approach and avoidance, incapable of employing consistent strategy to bond with parents - parents perceived as frightening, but child still needs support when afraid and needing reassurance - parents hostile or fearful unable to hide apprehension from children - child's anxiety and distress are not lessened and one source of stress is merely traded for another

Which of the following is a stage theory of socialization that articulates the process by which we come to identify with some social groups and at the same time develop a sense of difference from other social groups?

Social identity theory

The interpersonal interactions and relationships that provide us with assistance or feelings of attachment to persons we perceive as caring are called:

Social support

Any event in which environmental or internal demands tax the adaptive resources of an individual is called:

Stress

When Felicity started a new job, she was apprehensive because of the possibility of being rejected by her new co-workers. Which category of psychological stress is she experiencing?

Threat

Events that involve actual or threatened severe injury or death of oneself or significant others is referred to as _______________________.

Traumatic stress

Sally recently experienced a date rape that has left her feeling helpless and terrified. How would you define her current psychological state?

Traumatic stress

True or False. A stage group theory of socialization that articulates the process by which we come to identify with some social groups and develop a sense of difference from other social groups is called social identity theory.

True

True or False. Any event in which environmental or external demands tax the adaptive resources of an individual is called stress.

True

True or False. Common occurrences that are taxing such as standing in line waiting or losing things is referred to as daily hassles.

True

True or False. For all ethnic groups, higher levels of ethnic identity are associated with higher levels of self-esteem, purpose in life, and self-confidence.

True

True or False. Problems experienced in the performance of specific roles like being a worker or a care-giver is referred to as role strain.

True

True or False. Securely attached infants will act somewhat distressed when their mothers leave but when mothers return infants will greet them eagerly and warmly.

True

True or False. When a person takes into account how their actions will maximize the survival of others such as family or friends they are utilizing relational coping.

True

In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the challenge of intimacy versus isolation takes place in which life stage?

Young adulthood

The stage of social identity when children or adolescents internalize dominant cultural beliefs and make them a part of their everyday lives is:

acceptance

When a person masters the demands of stress this is referred to as _________________.

coping

A major upset to a person's psychological equilibrium due to some harm, threat, or challenge and with which the person cannot cope is known as a ______________.

crisis

A person's unconscious, automatic responses which enable them to minimize perceived threats or keep them out of their awareness entirely are known as ____________________.

defense mechanisms

The stage of social identity when a person is comfortable with their revised identity and can incorporate it into all aspects of their life is:

internalization

In recent years, there has been an integration of the psychoanalytic, and interpersonal theoretical perspectives into what is broadly terms ________________ theory.

relational

The stage of social identity when people reevaluate their assumptions and investigate their own role in perpetuating harmful differences and move toward a broader definition of their social identity is:

resistance