Ch. 6: Activity

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What occurs during RNA processing?

1. A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. 2. Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. 3. Segments of the RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. 4. Adenine nucleotides are added tot eh end of the RNA strand, forming a tail.

Why does a gene NOT constantly churn out the same protein at all times in every cell?

1. mRNA processing can allow one gene to produce several different proteins. 2. Genes are constantly being turned on and off through the process of gene regulation.

What percent of human genome encodes for proteins

1.5%

What is an example of a transgenic organism?

A bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

If you wanted to visualize the location of a particular gene on a particular chromosome, you might use

A fluorescent nucleotide probe.

How many kinds of DNA nucleotides are there?

A, T, C, G

Where does translation occur?

At the ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm

A ______ is a lump of abnormal cells that, although growing out of control, remains at its original site.

Benign tumor

An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have

Cancer

______ provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instruction for building proteins

DNA

The key process for information storage and transfer to offspring cells is_______

DNA replication

The central dogma follows the flow of information from

DNA to protein

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA: AGCT, double stranded, and deoxyribose RNA: AGCU, single stranded, and ribose

The structure of DNA is a ______, held together by the complementary base-pairing of cytosine with guanine, and adenine with thymine.

Double-helix

What does a nonsense mutation do?

It changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon which can result in the production of a shorter protein product. Almost always defective.

A ______ is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading through the body

Malignant tumor

______ is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.

Metastasis

What does mRNA do?

Moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.

Nucleic acids are polymers of

Nucleotides

During DNA replication, each of the two daughter DNA molecules contains one strand from the _____ DNA molecule and one _____ strand.

Original Newly synthesized

______ is used to copy just a relatively small region of DNA, not the entire genome.

PCR

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a _____ is to a bacterial chromosome

Plasmid

RNA usually consists of a single ______ strand.

Polynucleotide

_____ set endpoints for the region of DNA that is copied through PCR procedure.

Primers

A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of _____; the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein

RNA

What happens during transcription?

RNA nucleotides line up with their complementary DNA partners, transcribing the information in DNA into RNA.

______ cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

Restriction enzymes

What are involved in translation?

Ribosomes, Anticodon, tRNA, and Amino Acids.

How is DNA replication described?

Semi-conservative

What mutation is the LEAST likely to result in harmful changes to cells?

Silent mutations

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on

Size

Which part of DNA nucleotides are always the same? Which part changes?

Sugar and Phosphate groups Base

A polynucleotide has a repeating _____ backbone.

Sugar-phosphate

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called

The polymerase chain reaction

tRNA molecules work to

Translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence.

T or F. MicroRNA molecules can bind to mRNA transcripts, preventing them form producing proteins.

True

The monomers of nucleic acids consists of what three parts

phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.


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