Ch 6 Quiz Q's

__________ refers to the way that adults in societies gradually communicate the rules of the family and society.

Socialization

Which of the following is a key behavior that securely attached infants tend to show in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?

The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration.

Hayley had an insecure attachment to her mother at 12 months, but her mother became more competent at parenting between 12 and 24 months and showed a higher degree of sensitivity and responsiveness. Based on the longitudinal study of Belsky and Fearon (2002), we would expect that __________.

Hayley's attachment security and social competence would increase with time

Security of attachment at about 12 months is correlated with each of the following except __________.

academic achievement only through preschool and the early elementary grades

Each of the following is an emotion regulation strategy developing between 12 and 24 months except __________.

asking an adult to tell a bedtime story

All of the following are aspects of the temperamental dimension positive emotionality except __________.

behavioral inhibition

A fussy infant receives more attempts from parents to soothe her than a less fussy infant. This is a possible example of a(n) __________ on temperament.

bidirectional effect of genes and environment

Studies of environmental stressors in families' lives reveal that attachment classification __________.

can become more or less secure as the amount of stress in families' lives changes

The last major category of temperament to emerge in development, __________, is not seen until age 2 to 3 years, when children have greater emotional regulation and communication skills.

effortful control

Between birth and 12 months, infants need help with __________, but during the second year, toddlers develop more strategies due to increasing cognitive skills as well as encouragement from adults.

emotion regulation

A toddler shows a sad look and pats her mother on the arm after she witnesses her mother hurt her finger. This reflects the self-conscious emotion __________.

empathy

It is adaptive, in an evolutionary sense, for infants to recognize fearful expressions from adults shortly after they learn to crawl (around 6 to 9 months) because __________.

it enables infants to receive warnings about dangerous situations

The large NICHD Study of Early Child Care that was conducted in the 1990s and studied security and attachment among infants who were cared for outside the home found __________.

no difference in security of attachment for the infants of mothers who worked compared with those whose mothers stayed at home

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to show the following behaviors except __________.

normal social development through age two, followed by deviations

Each of the following is a potential predictor of disorganized attachment at 12 months except __________.

parenting that is sometimes sensitive/responsive and sometimes not

Improved understanding and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are occurring because researchers have identified specific aspects of social behavior or social understanding that are missing or delayed in children with autism. Examples of these missing or delayed behaviors or understanding include each of the following except __________.

playing with objects

Researchers interested in learning whether the changes in infants' understanding of their own and others' communication and social goals at the end of the first year are universal studied infants and young children ages 9 months to 3 years in rural areas in Canada, Peru, and India. These researchers noted that the 9- to 12-month-old infants and the children ages to 3 years in all three cultures engaged in the following behaviors at similar ages, except

pretend play

Juan, age 2, is playing with blocks. His father tells him that it is time to put the blocks away and eat his lunch. Based on the findings of researchers studying socialization, what is Juan most likely to do?

put the blocks away and have lunch

Cross-cultural studies have revealed that one aspect of attachment that is consistent across cultures is __________.

reliance on the caregiver as a secure base

In a classic series of studies that illustrate goodness of fit in action, Dutch researchers provided sensitivity and responsiveness training for some mothers of irritable infants, which resulted in greater levels of __________ among the children.

secure attachment

According to Bowlby, anyone who regularly cares for an infant will come to be recognized as a __________, a safe place from which to explore and return for physical and emotional comfort.

secure base

According to Ainsworth's studies and many follow-up studies, the main characteristic(s) of mothers and fathers associated with the development of a secure attachment is/are __________.

sensitivity and responsiveness

Much work on temperament has been done since the pioneering studies of Thomas and Chess. Today, developmental scientists generally speak in terms of traits rather than types of children. All of the following terms are used by contemporary developmental scientists to discuss temperament except __________.

slow to warm up

Ten-month-old Carrie is startled by the loud noise made by a new toy. She starts to cry and looks at her mother. When her mother laughs at the toy, Carrie laughs, too. She continues to play with the toy without fear. Carrie's response to her mother is an example of __________.

social referencing

Occasionally toddlers get into a conflict over a toy, at which point it is probably best for caregivers to find satisfactory toys for both children. Which type of play is least likely to result in this kind of conflict?

solitary play

The Still Face procedure is used to demonstrate __________.

that infants expect their social partners to interact

The classic study conducted in two types of kibbutz facilities in Israel revealed __________ was related to the achievement of a secure attachment

that time spent together at night

According to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, expectations about the reliability, consistency, warmth, and effectiveness of the caregiver's responses form an integrated "concept" termed ____________________________.

the internal working model

The advent of __________ initiates true social coordination in which parent and infant exchange looks and facial expressions.

the social smile

All of the following are considered reliable signs of self-awareness in an infant between 18 and 24 months except __________.

trying to touch the "baby" in the mirror with a spot of rouge on its nose

A shy child meeting a new relative can benefit from her parents remaining in the room with her and the relative allowing the child to take her time in making social overtures. This is an example of __________.

goodness of fit

Longitudinal testing of inhibited and uninhibited children in the period from infancy to adolescence revealed differences indicative of higher physiological arousal in the inhibited children, including all of the following except __________.

higher left-frontal lobe activity

Kagan and colleagues obtained evidence that a common characteristic of adults with a history of behavioral inhibition in childhood is __________.

an over-reactive amygdala

Each of the following is an emotional display pattern that develops between 4 and 6 months except __________.

active withdrawal

Infants' expressions of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety reflect cognitive advances including __________.

advances in memory allowing them to compare past and present situations/people and find the present situation or person unacceptable

Temperamental ratings are stable, meaning that they correlate moderately well with later ratings __________.

beginning about age 3

Because of substantial research into ASD, it is now viewed as a disorder caused by __________ that lead(s) to deviations in brain development occurring in the first 2 years after birth.

diverse but not fully understood biological factors

According to Bowlby, the driving evolutionary purpose behind the attachment system is to __________.

ensure proximity between infant and caregiver

The following are ways that parents can make use of their child's increasing communication skills to help their toddler be more cooperative except __________.

reminding the child to do as you say because you are the parent

Maya, 22 months, and Ryan, 21 months, are playing together in the toddler room at their child care facility. The teacher notices that they are chatting together, trading toys, and smiling. This is an example of __________.

simple social play