Ch 8-11 Forensic Psych

Current statistics on gun violence in US

*31,000 deaths occur & 78,000 nonfatal injuries *9% of all violence was committed with a firearm *Handguns account for the majority of both fatal and nonfatal incidents-70% of all homicides and just under 10% of all nonfatal violent crime

Expressive Violence

*AKA reactive violence -refers to physical violence precipitated by a hostile and angry reaction to a perceived threat or dangerous situation. -often impulsive and unthoughtful response to a provocation, real or imagined

age range and internet harassment

-14-17 -6-8% reported being harassed at some point in time on the internet -girls are more likely than boys

flashbulb memories

-9/11, JFK assassinations

Risk factors linked to preventing school violence

-addressing the school-related factors may represent the best preventative efforts. -effective anti-bullying programs, crisis planning, training for crises, and school-community collaboration are all measures likely to mitigate school shootings

restorative justice

-aka reparative justice -an approach to attempt to heal victims, the community, and sometimes the offender (particularly a juvenile offender) after a crime has been committed. It may involve victim-offender mediation or reconciliation, and is intended primarily as a means of making the victim "whole" after a criminal event.

restitution and compensation

-all 50 states, DC Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands have compensation programs that can pay for medical and counseling expenses , lost wages, funeral bills and a variety of other costs

Disability Bias

-biases against a person with AIDS, a mental disorder, or intellectual disability

son of sam law

-common for states to deny convicted offenders the right to profit from books they may write about their crimes.-called "son of sam" laws after the infamous serial murderer David Berkowitz-these laws sometimes redirect the income to the victim or to a victim's fund

Case studies and serial killers

-extensive examination of the background, behavior, and crimes of one particular serial killer

Social status and bullying and peer aggression

-form of peer aggression in which one or more individuals physically, verbally, of psychologically harass a victim who is perceived to be weaker -increases in status, over time, are often accompanied by increases in aggression over their peers

impact of criminal violence on victims

-harms victims both physically and psychologically -can trigger anxiety and fear, long-lasting depression, or deep anger

ethnoracial group with highest rate of violence

-individuals of more than one race experience violent crime rates that are 2-3 times higher than persons who claim only one race or ethnivity -American Indian/Alaska Native origin experience higher rates of violence. - blacks as a group were second in victimizations of violent crime

Child Molesters and age

-male pedophiles tend to be older than those who rape other adults, ranging between the ages of 36 and 40 -75% of convicted male child molesters are 30 or over

Key finding in Sandler and Freeman 2007 study of 390 female sex offenders

-many female offenders did not consistently victimize one gender more than the other

unstructured clinical interview with adult sex offenders

-most commonly use assessment procedure for evaluating adult sex offenders. -ask open-ended questions with wide freedom and minimal direction -sex offenders have strong tendency to deny or conceal "true" thoughts, feelings, or deviant behaviors

Online sexual solicitation

-most commonly, men use the internet to meet or entice younger children into sexual acts -even though there may be consent, the men can still be charged with statutory rape if they come in contact with the young children

Biological causes of violence

-neurological, physiological, or chemical influences on aggression and violence. -toxic materials in environment, traumatic head injury, dietary deficiencies, alcohol and drug ingestion by mother during pregnancy, and birth trauma

1994 Hate Crime Statistics Amended to include

-physical and mental disabilities in the data collection

PTSD research and psychological reaction to trauma

-psychological aftermath of exposure to trauma is highly variable, with some persons adjusting well and others showing significant adverse emotional and psychological consequences of considerable duration. -psychological reaction to a highly disturbing, traumatic event, and it is usually characterized by recurrent, intrusive memories of the event.

research on family violence

-refers to any assault, including sexual assault, or other crime that results in the personal injury or death of one or more family or household members by another who is residing in the same dwelling

Most frequent victims of workplace homicide

-retail trade is the most common industry -homicide is the leading cause of death for women in the workplace (pg. 269)

death notifiers and MADD

-should be sensitive, mature, positive, and calm persons who sincerely wish to become notifiers. - Mothers Against Drunk Driving: developed most heavily relied on model of death notification

Scenario of majority of homicide-suicide murders

-the offender and victim(s) are relatives. -most cases involve one killer and one victim -despair, hopelessness and depression are common

number of times women experience cycle of violence to qualify for battered women syndrome

-when the woman completed the cycle (tension building, acute battering incident, honeymoon/contrition) at least twice

difference between neonaticide and infanticide

1) killing the child within the first 24 hours 2) killing the child after 24 hours

percentage of increase on hate crimes against arab americans

1,600% increase in hate crimes against this population after 9/11

Percentage of US population has some type of disability

14-20%

highest percentage of maltreatment that victims experience

70% of maltreatment victims experience neglect

number of children and adolescents become victims of commercial sexual exploitation begin with

85% may have been abused or neglected by their parents or caregivers

Two types of mass murder

Classic and Family

intimate partner violence vs domestic violence

IPV: violence in a relationship where the two individuals may not be living together DV: defines a pattern of behaviors used by one partner to establish and maintain power and control over the other

Learned behavior and human violence

Socialization factors: processes through which a person learns patterns of thinking, behavior , and feeling from his or her early life experiences. -process by which a child learns "scripts" for specific social behavior, along with rules, attitudes, values, and norms that guide interactions with others

Cooling off period

The time interval involved in serial murders -may be days or weeks, but more likely months or even years

Battering

a term often reserved for physical violence experienced in intimate relationships such as in a dating relationship, marriage or partnership, or separation and divorce

which group most common perpetrators of elder abuse

adult children are the most frequent abusers

What is the typical internet child molester?

adult men who use the internet to meet and seduce underage youth into sexual encounters -most don't lie about their age, and still are capable to having children willingly accept their offers

Important factor distinguishing between aggravated sexual abuse and sexual abuse

aggravated sexual abuse by force or threat of force

number of states require victims to be notified of an offenders escape

all states

UCR's murder rate is based on what?

based solely on police investigations as opposed to the determination of a court, medical examiner, coroner, jury or other judicial body

violence perpetrated by men against women/ primary motive of male offender who abuse women

believed to establish and maintain power and control over them

Boys and girls physical bullying and internet harassment

boys are more likely to be physically threatened while girls are more likely to face cyberbullying

property crimes

burglary is an example

Groth Rape Typology

clinically developed system to classify rapists -based on presumed motivations and aims that underlie almost all rapes -rape is a "psuedosexual act" in which sex serves merely as a vehicle for the primary motivations of power and aggression

Healthy grieving process

co-victims needs may include -an opportunity for venting of emotion -calm, reassuring authority -restoration of control -preparation for what the co-victim needs to do next

rape victims are 4 times more likely than non crime victims to

contemplate suicide

primary concern with trafficking victims protection act

does little to protect victims

Euro-American Contexts

euro-american psychology may become culturally obsolete if it is not adapted to reflect a multicultural perspective

Disproportionate number of young-child homicides convicted by

family members

Two factors significant in predictors of stalking violence

former spouses or intimates of stalkers were most at risk

Intent of American with Disabilities Act Amendments of 2008

intended to once again broaden protections afforded to disabled americans

Big issue with sexual assault trials

issue of consent

treatment for batterers

long term treatment strategies that concentrate on cognitive-behavioral and psychopathological issues are more likely to be effective

leading killer of abused children

maltreatment

harmful conclusion often made on sexual assault data

many people who see no clear evidence of physical injury will conclude that the victim must have consented

Four Crimes in UCR comprise violent crime rate

murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault. *together, reports of these crimes comprise the violent crime rate provided annually to the public.

Misinterpretation of communication

not limited to the sexual assault context -often a key element found in highly aggressive and violent persons, including children -rapists are less accurate than nonrapists in reading women's cues in first date interaction -this deficit is clear when the women's communication is direct, clear, and strong; to the aggressive male, this comes across as the opposite of what she is trying to imply

vicarious traumatization

occurs when clinicians are exposed to a series of trauma victims, which often leads to a high incidence of professional burnout

Most important factor in all family violence situation

ongoing safety of the victim is first and foremost

Victims fear of retaliation and reporting violent crime

or worry that the issue was unimportant are reasons why people do not go to law enforcement

reconstructive theory of memory

perspective that memory is continually vulnerable to revision

Occupation at greatest risk for workplace violence

police officers, followed by correctional officers, taxi drivers, private security guards, and bartenders

One reason NCVS data differs from UCR data

presents a victimization rate that is reported to the public -added questions to ask victims about how law enforcement officials responded when they had reported their victimization's

Factors important in understanding violence

prevalence, causes, and effects is critical for forensic psyhcologists

activity of human trafficking most controversial

prostitution

Constitution Protects all except

protects the rights of suspects and defendants, but not the rights of victims

who was the first to coin the term battered woman syndrome

psychologist L. E. (lenroe) Walker (1979) -identified the syndrome based on a volunteer sample of abused middle class women

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

rare form of child abuse in which a parent (almost always the mother) consistently and chronically subjects a child to medical attention without any "true" medical condition or symptoms being present

Serial Killers and guns

rarely use firearms *prefer a method of killing that provides the maximum amount of control and dominance

Multiculturalism includes

recognizing and respecting individual differences in culture, religious preference, sexual orientation, disabilities, and gender -all important to sensitive and effective work with victims

rape by fraud

refers to the act of having sexual relations with a consenting adult under fraudulent conditions *freq. cited ex.:professional psychotherapist has sexual intercourse with a patient under the guise of "effective treatment"

postpartum psychosis

severe mental disorder that is rare -symptoms are highly similar to serious bipolar depression and appear to be directly connected to childbirth

Criminal statistics have replaced rape with

sexual assault

most lucrative human trafficking enterprise

sexual exploitation -prostitution -commercial sexual exploitation

type of kidnapping with highest rate of injury

stranger abductions -rare

Prison officials rape myth

suggests that inmates who sexually assault others and prison officials who ignore or deny the seriousness of this behavior tend to subscribe to rape myths

the dark figure

the crime that did not come to the attention of police-victimization was often not reported to police

Fox and Levin (2003) found out what about serial killers

the one trait that appears to separate them from the norm is their exceptional interpersonal skills in their presentation of self -ability to charm and fool

Why are homicides of young children so difficult to document

they can resemble deaths resulting from accidents or other causes ex) a child who dies from Sudden infant death syndrome may be difficult to distinguish from one who has been smothered

Cyberstalking

threats or unwanted advances directed at another using the internet or other forms of online communication

age of children highest rate of victimization

under the age of 4 (pg 373)

what is expressive aggression

used by rapists to hurt, humiliate, abuse, or degrade the victim in some way

Difference between violence and aggression

violence involves physical force, aggression may not involve such force *aggression: behavior perpetrated or attempted with the intention of harming another individual physically or psychologically.

strong predictor of male perpetrated intimate partner violence

whether he has experienced or witnessed violence in his own family while growing up

where do most cases of elder abuse occur

within the home

what adjective describes rapists as a group

young