Ch. 8 Adrenal Glands

Which of the following is associated with hypernatremia? a. Cushing syndrome b. Conn syndrome c. Pheochromocytoma d. Addison disease

Conn syndrome

The syndrome associated with HTN, hyperglycemia, obesity, and an adrenal mass is:

Cushing syndrome

buffalo hump

Excessive amount of fat on the back between the shoulders

The adrenal glands are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called:

Gerota fascia

When internal bleeding is suspected, what lab value is most useful for a sonographer to evaluate?

Hematocrit

The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the:

IVC

The most common, extracranial, malignant mass in children is the:

Neuroblastoma

All of the following are associated with Conn syndrome except: a. Adrenal adenoma b. HTN c. Excessive thirst d. Thinning arms and legs

Thinning arms and legs

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

a group of disorders in which there is a deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands, although other hormones produced by the adrenal may be deficient as well

pheochromocytoma

a hyperfunctioning, benign adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream leading to uncontrollable hypertension

Conn syndrome

a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excessive amounts of aldosterone

crus of diaphragm

a tendinous structure that extends from the diaphragm to the vertebral column; there are two crura (plural for crus), a right crus and a left crus

tachycardia

abnormally rapid heart rate

adrenal rests

accessory adrenal gland tissue

Hyperfunctioning adrenal adenomas are associated with all of the following except: a. Cushing syndrome b. Conn syndrome c. Hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland d. Acute drop in hematocrit

acute drop in hematocrit

A 45-year-old obese woman with thin arms and legs, HTN, and severe fatigue presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. Based on these clinical findings, you should evaluate the adrenal glands closely for signs of: a. Addison cyst b. Adrenal hemorrhage c. Adrenal adenoma d. Neuroblastoma

adrenal adenoma

Upon sonographic examination of the right upper quadrant in a 32-year-old female patient complaining of generalized abdominal pain, you visualize an anechoic mass with posterior engancement superior and medial upper pole of the right kidney. This most likely represents a/an: a. adrenal metastatic lesion b. pheochromocytoma c. neuroblastoma d. adrenal cyst

adrenal cyst

Which of the following mass-like lesions may be associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and found within the testes? a. adrenal adenomas b. adrenal rests c. pheochomocytomas d. neuroblastomas

adrenal rests

The adrenal cortex produces all of the following except: a. Cortisol b. Androgens c. Aldosterone d. Adrenaline

adrenaline

Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body?

aldosterone

Addison's disease

an endocrine disorder that results from hypOfunction of the adrenal CORTEX

Which plays a part in the development of male characteristics? a. androgens b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. hematocrit

androgens

What is the cause of Cushing disease?

anterior pituitary gland tumor

adrenal adenoma

benign solid mass located within the adrenal glands

All of the following are clinical findings of a pheochromocytoma except: a. bradycardia b. uncontrollable HTN c. excessive sweating d. tremors

bradycardia

With active internal hemorrhage, the patients hematocrit will:

decrease

Which types of glands release their hormones directly into the bloodstream?

endocrine glands

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response? a. epinephrine & norepinephrine b. cortisol and androgens c. cortisol and aldosterone d. ACTH and aldosterone

epinephrine & norepinephrine

hirsutism

excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible

endocrine glands

glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream

A localized collection of blood describes a:

hematoma

The most common sonographic appearance of a neruoblastoma is: a. hyperechoic mass b. heterogeneous mass with calcifications c. anechoic mass d. hypoechoic mass

heterogeneous mass with calcifications

hypertension

high blood pressure

Conn syndrome results from

high levels of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex

hypercortisolism

high levels of cortisol in the blood

hyperkalemia

high levels of potassium in the blood

hypermatremia

high levels of sodium in the blood

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands

Which of the following would result in buffalo hump and moon-shaped face clinical findings? a. Conn syndrome b. Addison disease c. Adrogenism d. Hypercortisolism

hypercortisolism

The most common sonographic appearance of a pheocromocytoma is a(n): a. hyperechoic mass b. hypoechoic mass c. anechoic mass d. complex mass

hyperechoic mass

What is the term for low levels of sodium in the blood?

hyponatremia

anoxia

lack of oxygen supply to the body, organ, or tissue

The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the:

left renal vein

hypokalemia

low levels of potassium in the blood

hyponatremia

low levels of sodium in the blood

neuroblastoma

malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system

All of the following are most likely a benign adrenal mass except: a. adrenal adenoma b. neuroblastoma c. pheochromocytoma d. adrenal hematoma

neuroblastoma

Which of the following is produced by the adrenal medulla? a. Cortisol b. Aldosterone c. Norepinephrine d. Androgens

norepinephrine

The adrenal mass often associated with uncontrollable HTN, tachycardia, and tremors is the:

pheocromocytoma

Which of the following best describes the location of the right adrenal gland? a. posterolateral to the pancreas b. medial to the lower pole of the right kidney c. posterolateral to the IVC d. medial to the crus of the diaphragm

posterolateral to the IVC

striae

stretch marks

The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the:

suprarenal arteries

The adrenal glands receive a portion of their blood supply from all of the following except the: a. suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries b. suprarenal branches of the Ao c. suprarenal branches of the renal arteries d. suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk

suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk

All of the following are true statements about the adrenal glands EXCEPT: a. the adrenal glands are easily identified in the fetus b. the adrenal glands are exocrine glands c. the adrenal glands are composed of a medulla and cortex d. the adrenal glands may also be referred to as the suprarenal glands

the adrenal glands are exocrine glands

hyperpigmentation

the darkening of the skin

Gerota fascia

the fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney and adrenal gland

All of the following are true statements about the adrenal glands except: a. the adrenal glands play an important role in blood pressure regulation b. the adrenal glands are easily identified in the fetus c. the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney d. the right adrenal gland is located medial to the right lobe of the liver

the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney

Cushing disease

the presence of a brain tumor in the pituitary gland that increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone resulting in Cushing syndrome

The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of:

5 years

Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands?

ACTH

Which of the following has a clinical findings of bronzing of the skin? a. Addison disease b. Cushing disease c. Cushing syndrome d. Conn syndrome

Addison disease

Which of the following is also referred to as primary adrenocortical insufficiency? a. Conn syndrome b. Addison disease c. Cushing syndrome d. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Addison disease

Which of the following is associated with hyponatremia? a. Cushing syndrome b. Conn syndrome c. Pheochromocytoma d. Addison disease

Addison disease

An abdominal sonogram is requested for a newborn in the ICU. The newborn is suffered from brief anoxia at birth and is now suffering from jaundice. Superior to the right kidney, you visualize a triangular-shaped, heterogeneous mass. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. Adrenal hemorrhage b. Adrenal adenoma c. Pheochromocytoma d. Cushing syndrome

Adrenal hemorrhage