Ch. 8 Adrenal Glands
Which of the following is associated with hypernatremia? a. Cushing syndrome b. Conn syndrome c. Pheochromocytoma d. Addison disease
Conn syndrome
The syndrome associated with HTN, hyperglycemia, obesity, and an adrenal mass is:
Cushing syndrome
buffalo hump
Excessive amount of fat on the back between the shoulders
The adrenal glands are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called:
Gerota fascia
When internal bleeding is suspected, what lab value is most useful for a sonographer to evaluate?
Hematocrit
The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the:
IVC
The most common, extracranial, malignant mass in children is the:
Neuroblastoma
All of the following are associated with Conn syndrome except: a. Adrenal adenoma b. HTN c. Excessive thirst d. Thinning arms and legs
Thinning arms and legs
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
a group of disorders in which there is a deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands, although other hormones produced by the adrenal may be deficient as well
pheochromocytoma
a hyperfunctioning, benign adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream leading to uncontrollable hypertension
Conn syndrome
a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excessive amounts of aldosterone
crus of diaphragm
a tendinous structure that extends from the diaphragm to the vertebral column; there are two crura (plural for crus), a right crus and a left crus
tachycardia
abnormally rapid heart rate
adrenal rests
accessory adrenal gland tissue
Hyperfunctioning adrenal adenomas are associated with all of the following except: a. Cushing syndrome b. Conn syndrome c. Hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland d. Acute drop in hematocrit
acute drop in hematocrit
A 45-year-old obese woman with thin arms and legs, HTN, and severe fatigue presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. Based on these clinical findings, you should evaluate the adrenal glands closely for signs of: a. Addison cyst b. Adrenal hemorrhage c. Adrenal adenoma d. Neuroblastoma
adrenal adenoma
Upon sonographic examination of the right upper quadrant in a 32-year-old female patient complaining of generalized abdominal pain, you visualize an anechoic mass with posterior engancement superior and medial upper pole of the right kidney. This most likely represents a/an: a. adrenal metastatic lesion b. pheochromocytoma c. neuroblastoma d. adrenal cyst
adrenal cyst
Which of the following mass-like lesions may be associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and found within the testes? a. adrenal adenomas b. adrenal rests c. pheochomocytomas d. neuroblastomas
adrenal rests
The adrenal cortex produces all of the following except: a. Cortisol b. Androgens c. Aldosterone d. Adrenaline
adrenaline
Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body?
aldosterone
Addison's disease
an endocrine disorder that results from hypOfunction of the adrenal CORTEX
Which plays a part in the development of male characteristics? a. androgens b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. hematocrit
androgens
What is the cause of Cushing disease?
anterior pituitary gland tumor
adrenal adenoma
benign solid mass located within the adrenal glands
All of the following are clinical findings of a pheochromocytoma except: a. bradycardia b. uncontrollable HTN c. excessive sweating d. tremors
bradycardia
With active internal hemorrhage, the patients hematocrit will:
decrease
Which types of glands release their hormones directly into the bloodstream?
endocrine glands
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response? a. epinephrine & norepinephrine b. cortisol and androgens c. cortisol and aldosterone d. ACTH and aldosterone
epinephrine & norepinephrine
hirsutism
excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible
endocrine glands
glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream
A localized collection of blood describes a:
hematoma
The most common sonographic appearance of a neruoblastoma is: a. hyperechoic mass b. heterogeneous mass with calcifications c. anechoic mass d. hypoechoic mass
heterogeneous mass with calcifications
hypertension
high blood pressure
Conn syndrome results from
high levels of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex
hypercortisolism
high levels of cortisol in the blood
hyperkalemia
high levels of potassium in the blood
hypermatremia
high levels of sodium in the blood
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands
Which of the following would result in buffalo hump and moon-shaped face clinical findings? a. Conn syndrome b. Addison disease c. Adrogenism d. Hypercortisolism
hypercortisolism
The most common sonographic appearance of a pheocromocytoma is a(n): a. hyperechoic mass b. hypoechoic mass c. anechoic mass d. complex mass
hyperechoic mass
What is the term for low levels of sodium in the blood?
hyponatremia
anoxia
lack of oxygen supply to the body, organ, or tissue
The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the:
left renal vein
hypokalemia
low levels of potassium in the blood
hyponatremia
low levels of sodium in the blood
neuroblastoma
malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system
All of the following are most likely a benign adrenal mass except: a. adrenal adenoma b. neuroblastoma c. pheochromocytoma d. adrenal hematoma
neuroblastoma
Which of the following is produced by the adrenal medulla? a. Cortisol b. Aldosterone c. Norepinephrine d. Androgens
norepinephrine
The adrenal mass often associated with uncontrollable HTN, tachycardia, and tremors is the:
pheocromocytoma
Which of the following best describes the location of the right adrenal gland? a. posterolateral to the pancreas b. medial to the lower pole of the right kidney c. posterolateral to the IVC d. medial to the crus of the diaphragm
posterolateral to the IVC
striae
stretch marks
The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the:
suprarenal arteries
The adrenal glands receive a portion of their blood supply from all of the following except the: a. suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries b. suprarenal branches of the Ao c. suprarenal branches of the renal arteries d. suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk
suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk
All of the following are true statements about the adrenal glands EXCEPT: a. the adrenal glands are easily identified in the fetus b. the adrenal glands are exocrine glands c. the adrenal glands are composed of a medulla and cortex d. the adrenal glands may also be referred to as the suprarenal glands
the adrenal glands are exocrine glands
hyperpigmentation
the darkening of the skin
Gerota fascia
the fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney and adrenal gland
All of the following are true statements about the adrenal glands except: a. the adrenal glands play an important role in blood pressure regulation b. the adrenal glands are easily identified in the fetus c. the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney d. the right adrenal gland is located medial to the right lobe of the liver
the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney
Cushing disease
the presence of a brain tumor in the pituitary gland that increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone resulting in Cushing syndrome
The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of:
5 years
Which hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands?
ACTH
Which of the following has a clinical findings of bronzing of the skin? a. Addison disease b. Cushing disease c. Cushing syndrome d. Conn syndrome
Addison disease
Which of the following is also referred to as primary adrenocortical insufficiency? a. Conn syndrome b. Addison disease c. Cushing syndrome d. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Addison disease
Which of the following is associated with hyponatremia? a. Cushing syndrome b. Conn syndrome c. Pheochromocytoma d. Addison disease
Addison disease
An abdominal sonogram is requested for a newborn in the ICU. The newborn is suffered from brief anoxia at birth and is now suffering from jaundice. Superior to the right kidney, you visualize a triangular-shaped, heterogeneous mass. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. Adrenal hemorrhage b. Adrenal adenoma c. Pheochromocytoma d. Cushing syndrome
Adrenal hemorrhage