Ch. 9-16
The z score sign (positive or negative) tells us whether the score is above or below the ______.
Population mean
______ are additional significance tests conducted to determine which means are significantly different for a main effect.
Post hoc test
With an independent samples t test, a researcher can draw conclusions about ----.
a comparison of two population means
The critical region(s) associated with our ______ will change with the degrees of freedom.
a level
In simple terms, the null hypothesis is that a relationship ______ in the study population
doesn't exist
Some researchers conduct experiments that contain a true independent variable and age as a subject variable, making them ______.
factorial designs
An advantage of a within-subjects design is -----.
fewer participants are needed in the study and there is less error in the data
An ANOVA can tell you -------.
if there is at least one mean difference across your sample means
______ means that the scores cannot be related in some systematic way to each other.
independent observations
Testing the combined effects of the ______ is the unique feature of factorial designs.
independent variables
The chi-square test is a ----- test.
inferential and nonparametric
Simple effects tests are used to describe ______.
interaction effects
In ______ design, participants are paired across the treatment conditions on some variable of interest.
matched
For the within-subjects design, we will also need ______ for each subject across the conditions to calculate our error term.
means
Factorial experiments will always have -----.
more than one independent variable
A factorial design includes ______ in a single study.
multiple factors
Silvers et al.'s (2014) study interested in comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to foods found there was ______ of age and trial type on cravings.
no interaction effects
Parametric tests are used with ----- variables; nonparametric tests are used with ----- variables.
nominal and ordinal; ratio and interval
A ______ hypothesis predicts no effect, whereas a ______ hypothesis predicts an effect.
null; alternative
With more than two groups in a study, the appropriate statistical test to use is a ---------.
one-way between-subjects ANOVA
For within-subjects designs in SPSS, we use the ______ test in the general linear model option of the Analyze menu.
repeated measures
When we don't know the population o, we use the ------- to calculate estimated standard error.
sample standard deviation
The sum of products divided by the sum of squares for the X variable is known as ______.
slope
Wesselmann et al. (2009) used the Cyberball exclusion game to evaluate effects of exclusion on emotion in their ______ type study.
social
The statistic ______ differs slightly from the statistic z distribution.
t distribution
The between- and within-groups variance terms separate ______ into two parts.
total variance
When we calculate between- and within-groups variances, we are adding together two parts of the ______.
total variance
For a population with M= 100 and o= 10, what is the z score for a score of 90?
-1.0
With a sample size of 25, our degrees of freedom would be -------.
24
For a sample size of -------, we do not need to be worried about violating the assumption of a normal distribution for the population.
31 or higher
______ could be used to test relationships between the variables.
Chi-square test
______ will examine the relationship between categorical variables in terms of what frequencies are expected if there is no relationship between the variables.
Chi-square test
The alpha level is the ————-
Decision criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis set by the researcher
The ______ only has one tail, because it can never be a negative value.
F distribution
______ will equal 1.0 if there is no effect of the treatment/independent variable, because in this case, you will have a ratio of error divided by error.
F ratio
______ is a ratio of the treatment effect plus error over the estimate of error.
F value
The researcher's hypothesis is typically the opposite of the ———- hypothesis.
Null
The hypothesis-testing procedure can provide evidence against the ————
Null hypothesis
______ can then be tested by including the order of conditions as a factor in the data analyses.
Order effects
The possible decisions in step 5 of the hypothesis-testing procedure are to ———- and ————.
Reject the null hypothesis; retain the null hypothesis
T/F: the inferential test statistic represents the difference between means with sampling error removed
True
If we reject the null hypothesis when it's really true, we have made a ______.
Type 1 error
The chance of a ______ error is 1 minus power.
Type II error
______ is higher for nonparametric tests.
Type II error
standardized score
a score that has been transformed into standard deviation units -also called a z score and can be used to compare the location of scores in their different distributions
When we calculate an inferential stat looking at mean differences, the numerator is the ------- and the denominator is the -------.
actual mean difference; mean difference expected by chance due to sampling
The χ2 test will examine the relationship between ______ in terms of what frequencies are expected if there is no relationship between the variables.
categorical variables
The dependent variable for a within-subjects design is -----.
difference scores across conditions
We understand that power is the ability to detect an ______ or ______ when one exists in the population.
effect; relationship
In the related or paired samples t test, the difference scores typically predicted by the null hypothesis -------.
equal 0
The ______ is an experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable.
factorial design
Marginal means are compared when testing a -----.
main effect
Regardless of how we state our hypotheses, we should always make predictions about the ______ that our groups represent in our study.
population means
A ----- analysis can help you predict the value of one variable from the value of the other variable.
regression
The larger the ______, the closer the t is to the value of z.
sample size
The default test in SPSS is a ______ test.
two-tailed test
An ______ test is often used to analyze data in a factorial design.
ANOVA
______ can occur in a number of ways including opposite effects at each level, a smaller effect at one level than the other, or an effect at one level and no effect at the other level.
Interaction
The interaction effect tests the effect of one independent variable for each level of another independent variable to determine how the independent variables interact to affect the ______ variable.
dependent
Instead of the estimated standard error, the F ratio uses the ------ at the estimate of sampling error in its calculation.
within-groups variance
This is called the ______ because it is based on the average difference between the scores within each group and the group mean.
within-groups variance
A standard score is ————?
-a z score -a score that has been transformed to allow comparisons across distributions -a new score that represents the original score's distance from the distribution mean in SD units
A matched design might involve ------.
-couples -twins
For a sample of 36 participants and sample standard deviation of 3, the estimated standard error would be ------.
0.50
standard errror
A measure of variability in the distribution of sample means that takes sample size in account -it provides an estimate of sampling error for our hypothesis test
To find Fcrit in the F table, you need to know ------.
All of the above: -df between -df within -your alpha level
______ studies are designed to test if a relationship exists and if so, what type of relationship.
Correaltional
______ studies can help us test hypotheses about relationships between measured variables and whether the value for one measure can predict a value on another measure.
Correlational
______ represents the average mean difference across groups due to the treatment with sampling error divided out.
F value
T/F: The shape of the t distribution will be normal whenever the population is normal.
False
T/F: the unit normal table will tell us the exact probability of a z score in any distribution.
False
______ is the mean of the Y variable minus the slope times the mean of the X variable.
Intercept
When testing relationships with interval/ratio data, a common inferential test used is the ______.
Pearson r
A z score of -1.45 indicates that ————?
The original score is between 1 and 2 SDs below the mean
The unit normal table can tell us ————?
The percentage of scores at a specific z score or higher in the normal distribution
Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for a Pearson r test?
There is no relationship between the two variables in the population.
T or F: In within-subjects analyses, N=n
True
T/F: An assumption of the t test is that the scores must be independent observations.
True
T/F: The t Table provides the p value for each t score to allow the researcher to compare p with a.
True
T/F: calculating a z score can help us test a hypothesis about a population.
True
T/F: the hypothesis-testing procedure will tell us the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
True
______ is simply the standard deviation squared.
Variance
There are two ______ that a researcher must know to be true in order to use a t test.
assumptions
Because participants are being compared with themselves (under different conditions), there are no ______ that contribute to the variability in the data.
between-group differences
In correlation studies, ------- isn't well-tested as it is in experiments.
causation
We cannot determine ______ from correlation and regression tests.
causation
A Pearson r correlation is a ratio of the -----, and the -----.
change in variables together; total variability
In a factorial design, levels of an independent variable are -----.
compared with marginal means
To examine an interaction, one should look at the ------ in a graph.
condition means
The benefit of a factorial design that isn't present in a single-factor study is that you can -----.
examine effects of multiple factors in one ANOVA and examine the combined effects of multiple factors on the dependent measure
When the effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable, this is called an ______.
interaction effect
If a ______ is created, an interaction can be seen in nonparallel lines.
line graph
The ______ means is the means for each level of an independent variable in a factorial design.
marginal
Counterbalancing is a procedural technique that helps control for ------.
order effects
A disadvantage of within-subjects deign is that -----.
order effects can be present in the data
The decision to reject the null hypothesis in a statistical test is made when ______.
p < alpha
The one-tailed test has a(n) ______ that is half the ______ for the two-tailed test.
p value, p value
In SPSS, the ______ tests are shown in the box of the output labeled Pairwise Comparisons.
post hoc
Creating a ----- is a good way to view the type of relationship that exists between two measured variables.
scatterplot
People who choose not to complete a study may be different in important ways from the people who choose to complete it, introducing a(n) ______ between our sample and the whole population.
self-section bias
We understand that when the power of a test is reduced, we are less likely to obtain a ______, even if the relationship exists.
significant relationship
The Zimbardo (1973) experiment, where a randomly assigned role as a prisoner or guard in a mock prison affected participants' behavior, is an example of a ______ type of study.
social
The assumption that pairs of scores from the same individuals in the population have equal variance is called the ----- assumption.
sphericity
The ______ states that in the population of scores, the differences between pairs of scores from the same individuals are equal.
sphericity assumption
The larger the numerical value of Pearson r, the ______ the relationship.
stronger
In a within-subjects ANOVA, the error term is calculated from the interaction between the independent variable and the ------.
subjects as a factor
When there is an interaction between the ______ and the ______, this represents the error we get from subject to subject in our study
subjects; conditions
The pool variance is ------.
the combined variance for two independent samples
The chi-square statistic is based on ------.
the difference between the observed and expected frequencies
An interaction tells you that -----.
the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable
Levene's test in SPSS will help a researcher know if the assumption of ----- for the independent samples t test holds for their study.
the homogeneity of variances
A researcher investigated the effects of color of a website background on consumer behavior. Three colors were tested: blue, red, and yellow. In addition, the type of product being purchased was compared: The websites contained either sports equipment or books. The amount each individual purchased on the website they saw was measured. Overall, yellow websites resulted in larger purchase amounts than the other colors, but the color effect was only present for books. No color effect was present for sports equipments sites. According to this description, which of the following were significant in the ANOVA?
the main effect of website color and the interaction between website color and type of product
Expected frequencies are the frequencies we would except if ------.
the null hypothesis is true
In the calculation of a t score, the estimated standard error is an estimate of -------.
the population standard deviation
The variance of a sample depends on ----- and -----.
the sum of squares for a sample; the sample degrees of freedom
In a research study, the p value obtained for the inferential statistic is .08. This means that ______.
there is an 8% chance of obtaining these data when the null hypothesis is true
A study is considered a ______ design because all the participants will complete the same task in two different environments.
within-subjects
By using ______, we can find evidence that there is a relationship between the variables.
χ2 test
