ch.10
"Quality at the source" refers to the degree to which a product or service design specifications are met.
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A "p chart" has upper and lower control limits expressed as lines on the chart. As long as the sample values fall between these two lines there is no need to investigate process behavior
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A process that is in six-sigma control will produce no more than two defects out of every million units.
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A quality guru named Joseph M. Juran is well known for his program structured around "14 points" for management.
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A quality guru named Philip Crosby defined quality as fitness for use.
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AQL stands for accepting questionable lots in production quality management.
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An operational goal of total quality management is ensuring that the organization's systems will never produce a defective product or service.
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An opportunity flow diagram is a time sequenced chart showing plotted values measuring the flow of end product or components.
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Conformance quality is a strategic decision for a firm.
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Design of Experiments (DOE) refers to work done before production of early model prototypes of a new product
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Design quality in products refers to the degree to which a product or service design specifications are met.
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Genichi Taguchi's view of the cost of quality is that variance is a discontinuous function.
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ISO 9000 is primarily concerned with environmental management.
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ISO standards ask a company first to document and implement its systems for quality management and then to verify, by means of an internal audit, the compliance of those systems with the requirements of the standards.
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If the fraction defective is 0.4 based on a sample size of 100, the standard deviation used in the "p" chart is about 0.10.
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In 1997 the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act established the U.S. annual award for total quality management.
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LTPD in acceptance sampling stands for "lot tolerance for parts defective."
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Measurement by attributes means taking a sample, measuring the attribute in question and determining the level of quality in the population from which the sample was drawn.
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One of the tools common to all quality efforts is leadership.
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One-hundred percent inspection is justified when the cost of inspection is low.
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Process control is concerned with monitoring quality after the product or service has been produced.
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Standard practice in statistical process control for variables is to set control limits so that 95 percent of the sample means will fall within the UCL and the LCL.
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TQM is an acronym meaning "total quality measurement."
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The "p chart" is only useful for sampling that deals with continuous variables.
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The Greek letter alpha is associated with consumer's risk.
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The capability index (Cpk) calculates the percentage of items being produced within specifications.
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The capability index is used to gauge economic changes in service systems.
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The probability associated with accepting a low quality lot is denoted in acceptance sampling with the Greek letter alpha.
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The producer's risk associated with rejecting a high quality lot is denoted in acceptance sampling with the Greek letter beta.
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The term "conformance quality" refers to the relative level of performance of a product as compared to competing products. For instance, certain luxury sedans are said to be of "higher quality" than some low-priced subcompact automobiles.
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The term CTQ stands for "Cost Through Quality", which is another way to express Philip Crosby's idea that "Quality is Free."
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Total, one-hundred-percent, inspection can never be cost justified.
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Variation that is inherent in a production process itself is called assignable variation.
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W. Edwards Deming states that the correct cost for a well-run quality management program should be under 0.5 percent of sales.
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While business organizations can seek to achieve the Baldrige National Quality Award, universities cannot.
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While small business organizations can seek to achieve the Baldrige National Quality Award, hospitals cannot.
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A quality guru named Joseph M. Juran defined quality as fitness for use.
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A quality guru named Philip Crosby defined quality as conformance to requirements.
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A quality guru named Philip Crosby suggested that a general approach to quality management should involve prevention, not inspection.
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Acceptance sampling is performed on goods that already exist to determine what percentage of items conforms to specifications.
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An example of assignable variation in a production system may be that a machine is not adjusted properly.
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An example of assignable variation in a production system may be that workers are not identically trained.
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An operational goal of total quality management is ensuring that the organization's systems can consistently produce the product or service as it is designed.
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An operational goal of total quality management is the careful design of the product or service.
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An opportunity flow diagram is used to separate the value-added from the non-value-added steps in a process.
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Attributes are those quality characteristics that are classified as either conforming or not conforming to specification.
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Design of Experiments (DOE) is sometimes referred to as multivariate testing.
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Design quality refers to the inherent value of the product in the marketplace.
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Fundamental to any quality program is the determination of quality specifications and the costs of achieving (or not achieving) those specifications.
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ISO 14000 is primarily concerned with environmental management.
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If the fraction defective is 0.12 based on a sample size of 16, the standard deviation used in the "p" chart is about 0.08.
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In acceptance sampling, the number of units in the sample (n) is determined by the interaction of the acceptable quality level (AQL), the lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD), the probability of rejecting a high quality lot (alpha), and the probability of accepting a low quality lot (beta).
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In acceptance sampling, the value for the acceptance number (c) is determined by the interaction of the acceptable quality level (AQL), the lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD), the probability of rejecting a high quality lot (alpha), and the probability of accepting a low quality lot (beta).
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In variables sampling the actual measurements of the variable observed are used regardless of whether the unit is good or bad.
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It is impossible to have zero variability in production processes.
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One SPC tool used in total quality management is the Pareto chart.
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One of the definitions for the cost of quality is that it represents the costs attributable to the production of quality that is not 100 percent perfect.
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One tool used in total quality management is the run chart.
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Philip Crosby states that the correct cost for a well-run quality management program should be under 2.5 percent of sales.
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Sampling plans are generally displayed graphically through the use of operating characteristic (OC) curves.
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Six-sigma refers to the philosophy and methods that some companies use to eliminate defects in their products and processes.
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Statistical process control involves testing random samples of output from a process to determine whether the process is producing items within a preselected range.
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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a specialized international agency recognized by affiliates in more than 160 countries.
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The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award represents the U.S. government's endorsement of quality as an essential part of successful business strategy.
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The capability index (Cpk) indicates the position of the mean and tails of a process's variance relative to design specifications.
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The probability associated with rejecting a high quality lot is denoted in acceptance sampling with the Greek letter alpha.
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The term CTQ is used in the "Define (D)" portion of the DMAIC methodology.
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The value for "z" used in quality control charts is based on the degree of confidence you want to have in the resulting UCL and LCL values.
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To obtain a 99.7 percent confidence level in a "p" chart we would use a value of 3 for "z".
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Variation in production systems that is caused by factors that can be clearly identified and possibly even managed is called assignable variation.
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Variation that is inherent in a production process itself is called common variation.
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TQM was defined in the textbook as managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer.
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