Ch16 Reproductive System PRACTICE
The enlarged tip of the penis is referred to as the: A) prepuce B) glans penis C) shaft D) spongy urethra E) scrotum
B) glans penis
Cells that undergo spermiogenesis in males A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
B) spermatids
A mature ovarian follicle that is ready to be ejected from an ovary is called a ________
Graafian follicle
The innermost layer of the uterus is a mucosa layer called the __________.
endometrium
The hormone that promotes a small number of primary follicles within the ovary to grow and mature each month is __________.
follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH
The hormone that causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible is called __________.
relaxin
Mammary glands are modified __________ glands.
sweat
The labia majora enclose the region known as the __________, which contains the external opening of the urethra.
vestibule
A fertilized egg, which represents the first cell of a new individual, is called a __________.
zygote
Describe the events of embryonic development from conception until the fetal stage, including development of the primary germ layers.
A fertilized egg (zygote) undergoes rapid mitotic cell division in a stage called cleavage. Cleavage provides the building blocks for constructing the embryo, which develops until it has about 100 cells and then hollows out to form a blastocyst. The blastocyst has two areas: the trophoblast and the inner cell mass. The inner cell mass forms the primary germ layers, which are the ectoderm, the endoderm, and the mesoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, the epidermis, and the skin. The endoderm forms the mucosae and associated glands. The mesoderm gives rise to everything else. The trophoblast develops projections called chorionic villi which form the placenta along with tissues from the mother's uterus. By the eighth week, all the organ systems have been laid down and the embryo looks distinctly human. Beginning in the ninth week, the embryo is referred to as a fetus.
Terry is having a vasectomy and is concerned about testosterone levels after the procedure. Explain what he should expect after his vasectomy.
A vasectomy involves cutting and ligating the ductus (vas) deferens. The ductus deferens transports sperm from the epididymis to join with the urethra. When cut, sperm are not ejaculated from the body and a man is left sterile. Since testosterone is a hormone and travels through the blood stream, the vasectomy will not affect Terry's testosterone levels, sex drive, or secondary sex characteristics.
The fluid-filled sac surrounding the fetus is the: A) amnion B) placenta C) chorionic villi D) umbilical cord E) mesoderm
A) amnion
Duct connecting epididymis to ejaculatory duct A) ductus (vas) deferens B) penis C) scrotum D) seminal vesicles E) urethra F) testis G) prostate H) ejaculatory duct
A) ductus (vas) deferens
The inner mucosal layer of the uterus that is sloughed off approximately every 28 days is called the: A) endometrium B) myometrium C) perimetrium D) epimetrium E) hypometrium
A) endometrium
Fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis A) mons pubis B) clitoris C) ovary D) uterine (fallopian) tube E) vagina F) uterus G) labia minora
A) mons pubis
Cell produced during mitosis in females A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
A) oogonium
Stem cell in females A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
A) oogonium
The primitive stem cell of spermatogenesis, which is found on the periphery of each seminiferous tubule, is called: A) spermatogonia B) spermatid C) primary spermatocyte D) secondary spermatocyte E) sperm
A) spermatogonia
Each spermatid and ovum have: A) 23 pairs of chromosomes B) 23 chromosomes C) 46 pairs of chromosomes D) 46 chromosomes E) 2n chromosomes
B) 23 chromosomes
The entire process of spermatogenesis takes approximately: A) 25-50 days B) 64-72 days C) 120 days D) 1 year E) 15 years
B) 64-72 days
The presence of more oxytocin receptors in the uterus lead to weak, irregular contractions known as: A) dystocia B) Braxton Hicks C) menopause D) cryptorchidism E) C-section
B) Braxton Hicks
During oogenesis, an oogonium directly gives rise to: A) an ovum B) a primary oocyte C) a secondary oocyte D) a first polar body E) a second polar body
B) a primary oocyte
Structure that corresponds to the male penis A) mons pubis B) clitoris C) ovary D) uterine (fallopian) tube E) vagina F) uterus G) labia minora
B) clitoris
Which of the following is NOT a part of a male's testis: A) seminiferous tubule B) ejaculatory duct C) interstitial cells D) rete testis E) lobules
B) ejaculatory duct
Maturing sperm gain their ability to swim while in the: A) seminiferous tubules B) epididymis C) ductus deferens D) ejaculatory duct E) urethra
B) epididymis
The stage of labor that involves the delivery of the infant is the: A) dilation stage B) expulsion stage C) secretory phase D) placental stage E) postpartum stage
B) expulsion stage
The superior rounded region of the uterus above the entrance of the uterine tubes is called the: A) body B) fundus C) cervix D) corpus E) mons pubis
B) fundus
The uterine (menstrual) cycle is: A) 7 days long B) 14 days long C) 28 days long D) 40 days long E) 60 days long
C) 28 days long
Organ that produces eggs A) mons pubis B) clitoris C) ovary D) uterine (fallopian) tube E) vagina F) uterus G) labia minora
C) ovary
Sac of skin found hanging outside the abdominal cavity A) ductus (vas) deferens B) penis C) scrotum D) seminal vesicles E) urethra F) testis G) prostate H) ejaculatory duct
C) scrotum
Cell released from female's ovary during ovulation A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
C) secondary oocyte
Which of the following cells could be fertilized: A) polar body B) primary oocyte C) secondary oocyte D) oogonia E) corpus luteum
C) secondary oocyte
The exocrine function of the testes is: A) testosterone production B) ovum fertilization C) sperm production D) embryo nutrition E) estrogen production
C) sperm production
The placenta is usually functioning to deliver nutrients and oxygen to, and remove waste from, the embryonic blood by the __________ of pregnancy. A) first week B) second week C) third week D) fourth week E) fifth week
C) third week
Fertilization usually occurs in the: A) ovary B) Graafian follicle C) uterine (fallopian) tubes D) uterus E) vagina
C) uterine (fallopian) tubes
Gland that produces a thick, yellowish secretion A) ductus (vas) deferens B) penis C) scrotum D) seminal vesicles E) urethra F) testis G) prostate H) ejaculatory duct
D) seminal vesicles
Duct that transports a fertilized egg A) mons pubis B) clitoris C) ovary D) uterine (fallopian) tube E) vagina F) uterus G) labia minora
D) uterine (fallopian) tube
Birth canal A) mons pubis B) clitoris C) ovary D) uterine (fallopian) tube E) vagina F) uterus G) labia minora
E
Parturition is another term for: A) menopause B) menses C) fertilization D) menstruation E) childbirth
E) childbirth
Tiny cell produced by oogenesis A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
E) polar body
Tube that transports either urine or sperm to the exterior of the body A) ductus (vas) deferens B) penis C) scrotum D) seminal vesicles E) urethra F) testis G) prostate H) ejaculatory duct
E) urethra
As a result of spermatogenesis, four of these cells are created A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
F) sperm
Functional male gametes A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
F) sperm
Organ that produces testosterone A) ductus (vas) deferens B) penis C) scrotum D) seminal vesicles E) urethra F) testis G) prostate H) ejaculatory duct
F) testis
Organ that is the typical site of implantation of a fertilized egg A) mons pubis B) clitoris C) ovary D) uterine (fallopian) tube E) vagina F) uterus G) labia minora
F) uterus
True or False The portion of the male urethra that is surrounded by the prostate is called the membranous urethra.
FALSE
True or False In a female, the labia minora are two outer, hair-covered folds of skin that enclose the delicate, hair-free folds called the labia majora.
FALSE
True or False Oocytes are viable for 48-72 hours once ovulated from the ovary.
FALSE
True or False Ovulation occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle.
FALSE
True or False Spermatids are functional sperm.
FALSE
True or False The endoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis of the skin.
FALSE
True or False The hormone that causes secondary sex characteristics in males is progesterone.
FALSE
True or False The innermost layer of the uterus is called the myometrium.
FALSE
True or False The two functional areas of the blastocyst are the morula and the trophoblast.
FALSE
True or False Viable sperm cannot be produced at temperatures below body temperature.
FALSE
True or False When a year has passed without menstruation, a woman has reached menarche.
FALSE
What hormones promote ovulation? Describe how the levels of these hormones change in the days prior to ovulation
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the development of a primary follicle and the start to the ovulation process each month. Follicle development takes approximately 14 days and ovulation occurs at that time. Just prior to ovulation, a secondary anterior pituitary gland hormone called luteinizing hormone (LH) suddenly spikes in production and leads to ovulation. During the time while the follicle is growing and developing, prior to ovulation, estrogen levels continue to rise.
Process that creates ova in females A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
G) oogenesis
A fertilized secondary oocyte completes meiosis II to form this cell A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
H) ovum
Cell ruptured from a vesicular (Graafian) follicle in females A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
I) secondary oocyte
Process that streamlines spermatids into sperm A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
K) spermiogenesis
Describe the process of spermatogenesis.
Spermatogenesis is sperm production that begins during puberty and continues throughout life. The process is begun by primitive stem cells called spermatogonia. From birth until puberty, spermatogonia undergo mitotic division to increase the number of stem cells. During puberty, FSH causes each division of spermatogonium into one stem cell (type A cell) and one type B cell that becomes a primary spermatocyte. The primary spermatocytes then undergo meiosis to secondary spermatocytes, which then form four spermatids. The spermatids streamline and a tail is formed during spermiogenesis, after which they are mature enough to fertilize an ovum and are called sperm.
List and describe the three stages of labor.
Stage 1 is the dilation stage, which extends from the appearance of true contractions until full dilation of the cervix (dilation to about 10 cm in diameter). Usually the amnion ruptures during this stage, which is the longest part of labor and lasts for 6 to 12 hours. Stage 2 is the expulsion stage. It extends from full dilation to delivery of the infant. In this stage, the infant passes through the cervix and vagina to the outside of the body. This stage takes 20 minutes to 2 hours. Stage 3 is the placental stage, which usually lasts about 15 minutes, culminating in delivery of the placenta.
True or False Beginning at the ninth week of development, the embryo is referred to as a fetus.
TRUE
True or False Oocytes are carried toward the uterus by both cilia and peristalsis.
TRUE
True or False The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland.
TRUE
True or False A primary oocyte undergoes meiosis and produces a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
TRUE
True or False An erection results from blood filling the spongy erectile tissues of the penis.
TRUE
True or False Estrogens cause the appearance of secondary sex characteristics in females.
TRUE
True or False Hypertrophy of the prostate gland makes urination quite difficult for males.
TRUE
True or False One primary spermatocyte will undergo meiosis to ultimately form four sperm.
TRUE
True or False Ovaries contain many tiny saclike structures called ovarian follicles, each of which consists of an immature egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells.
TRUE
True or False Ovulation occurs when a vesicular (Graafian) follicles releases an egg.
TRUE
True or False Ovulation usually occurs on or about day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
TRUE
True or False Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and is needed for maintenance if a female becomes pregnant.
TRUE
True or False Sperm swim are sluggish in an acidic environment below a pH of 6.
TRUE
True or False The acrosome helps a sperm penetrate the follicle cells that surround the egg.
TRUE
True or False The cervix typically dilates to about 10 cm during the dilation stage of labor.
TRUE
True or False The cyclic changes that occur monthly in the ovary constitute the ovarian cycle.
TRUE
True or False The diamond-shaped region of a female's external genitalia found between the anterior end of the labial folds, the anus posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities is called the perineum.
TRUE
True or False The external genitalia of a female is also called the vulva.
TRUE
True or False The placenta and its attached fetal membranes, delivered during the placental stage of labor, are called the afterbirth.
TRUE
True or False The process of childbirth is known as parturition.
TRUE
True or False The rapid mitotic cell division that occurs after the fertilization of an egg is known as cleavage.
TRUE
True or False When a woman is not pregnant, the endometrial lining of the uterus is sloughed off about every 28 days.
TRUE
Explain the male duct system by naming each organ and describing the role of each organ involved.
The first part of the duct system is the epididymis which connects to the rete testis of the testes on one end and the ductus deferens on the other. Sperm are temporarily stored within the epididymis, where they mature and gain the ability to swim. The next part of the duct system is the ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens. The ductus deferens propels live sperm from their storage site in the epididymis into the urethra by means of peristalsis. The end of the ductus deferens is called the ejaculatory duct. It passes through the prostate gland and connects with the urethra. The urethra carries sperm to the body exterior.
True or False The males testes have both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
True
The process by which the acrosome membranes of sperm break down is known as the __________.
acrosomal reaction
The helmet-like region of the sperm that is similar to a large lysosome and assists penetration of the egg is called the __________.
acrosome
The placenta and its attached fetal membranes, expelled from the uterus during the placental stage of labor, are collectively referred to as the __________.
afterbirth
The early stage of embryonic development during which rapid mitotic cell divisions occur as the zygote travels down the uterine tube is called __________.
cleavage
The follicle-cell capsule surrounding an ovulated secondary oocyte is called the __________.
corona radiata
The first stage of labor is known as the __________ stage.
dilation
The primary germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis of the skin is called the __________.
ectoderm
The finger-like projections that partially surround the ovary at the distal end of each uterine tube are called __________.
fimbriae
The gonads produce sex cells, also known as __________,
gametes
The enlarged tip of the penis is called the __________.
glans penis
Individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues are called __________.
hermaphrodites
Stem cell in males A) oogonium B) spermatids C) secondary oocyte D) spermatogonium E) polar body F) sperm G) oogenesis H) ovum I) secondary oocyte K) spermiogenesis
spermatogonium
The ducts or tubes responsible for receiving the ovulated oocyte and providing the site for fertilization are the __________.
uterine tubes or fallopian tubes
The male gonads have both sperm-producing and testosterone-producing functions and are called: A) testes B) sperm C) ovaries D) ovum E) gametes
A) testes
Milky-colored fluid secreted from the prostate: A) nourish sperm B) activate sperm C) cleanse the urethra D) neutralize urine E) are endocrine only
B) activate sperm
From fertilization to week 8 of pregnancy, the conceptus is called: A) a fetus B) an embryo C) a baby D) a zygote E) a morula
B) an embryo
Androgens such as testosterone are produced by the: A) seminiferous tubules B) interstitial cells C) epididymis D) bulbourethral glands E) prostate
B) interstitial cells
The middle part of the male urethra that extends from the prostate to the penis is called the: A) prostatic urethra B) membranous urethra C) spongy urethra D) penile urethra E) bulbourethra
B) membranous urethra
The corpus luteum is a special glandular structure of the ovaries that primarily produces: A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) interstitial cell-stimulating hormone E) luteinizing hormone
B) progesterone
The hormone produced by the placenta that causes the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible to ease birth passage is called: A) renin B) relaxin C) progesterone D) chorion E) gonadotropin
B) relaxin
Days 15-28 of the uterine (menstrual) cycle are known as: A) the menstrual phase B) the secretory phase C) menses D) the proliferative phase E) implantation
B) the secretory phase
A fertilized egg is known as a: A) primary oocyte B) zygote C) morula D) blastocyte E) secondary oocyte
B) zygote
The process of ovulation occurs in females approximately every: A) 7 days B) 14 days C) 28 days D) 36 days E) 48 days
C) 28 days
Parturition occurs approximately how many days after a woman's last menstrual cycle: A) 180 days B) 240 days C) 280 days D) 315 days E) 330 days
C) 280 days
For a sperm cell to fertilize an ovum, sexual intercourse must occur no more than __________ hours before ovulation. A) 12 B) 24 C) 48 D) 72 E) 90
C) 48
Male sex chromosomes are represented by: A) XX B) XO C) XY D) XZ E) YY
C) XY
The external female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the: A) cervix B) vagina C) clitoris D) perineum E) labia majora
C) clitoris
During a vasectomy operation, what portion of the male reproductive duct system is cut to prevent the passage of sperm to the outside of the body: A) urethra B) ejaculatory duct C) ductus (vas) deferens D) epididymis E) spermatic cord
C) ductus (vas) deferens
Spermatogenesis begins: A) prior to birth B) at birth C) during puberty D) during adulthood E) during old age
C) during puberty
The mammary glands are: A) modified ceruminous glands B) modified sebaceous glands C) modified sweat glands in both males and females D) modified lacrimal glands E) modified sweat glands in females only
C) modified sweat glands in both males and females
The tiny ball of 16 cells found freely floating in the uterine cavity is called a: A) blastocyte B) zygote C) morula D) placenta E) trophoblast
C) morula
Labor is initiated by prostaglandins and __________. A) renin B) relaxin C) oxytocin D) progesterone E) human chorionic gonadotropin
C) oxytocin
Females are born with a supply of approximately 2 million: A) ova B) secondary oocytes C) primary oocytes D) polar bodies E) oogonia
C) primary oocytes
The clusters of specific glands that produce milk when a woman is lactating are called: A) lactiferous ducts B) areolar glands C) mammary glands D) alveolar glands E) lactating glands
D) alveolar glands
Thick, clear mucus that cleanses the urethra of acidic urine is produced by the: A) testes B) seminal vesicles C) prostate D) bulbourethral glands E) epididymis
D) bulbourethral glands (Cowper's)
Which one of the following is not one of the secondary sex characteristics in young women: A) enlargement of the accessory organs of reproduction B) breast development C) appearance of axillary and pubic hair D) decreased fat deposits beneath the skin E) widening and lightening of the pelvis
D) decreased fat deposits beneath the skin
All the organ systems are laid down, at least in rudimentary form, and the embryo looks distinctly human by the __________ of embryonic development. A) first week B) second week C) fourth week D) eighth week E) twelfth week
D) eighth week
Peristaltic waves squeeze sperm from the epididymis along to the outside of the male's body during: A) vasectomy B) circumcision C) spermagogenesis D) ejaculation E) erection
D) ejaculation
The primary germ layer that gives rise to the mucosae and associated glands is the: A) ectoderm B) blastocyst C) mesoderm D) endoderm E) morula
D) endoderm
Which layer of the uterus serves as the site of implantation: A) fundus B) cervix C) myometrium D) endometrium E) perimetrium
D) endometrium
Menopause, which ends childbirth ability, is considered to have occurred when a woman: A) misses her first period B) misses two periods in a row C) turns 50 D) has gone a year without menstruation E) has had a hysterectomy
D) has gone a year without menstruation
Which one of the following is NOT one of the secondary sex characteristics typical of males: A) deepening voice B) increased growth of body hair C) enlargement of skeletal muscle mass D) increased sex drive E) thickening of bones
D) increased sex drive
The hormone responsible for ovulation is: A) estrogen B) progesterone C) follicle-stimulating hormone D) luteinizing hormone E) adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) luteinizing hormone
The first menstrual period, which usually occurs at approximately age 13, is called: A) menses B) menstruation C) menopause D) menarche E) menogen
D) menarche
The process by which a mature egg is ejected from the ovary is called: A) ejaculation B) menses C) fertilization D) ovulation E) erection
D) ovulation
Circumcision for males removes: A) glans penis B) shaft of penis C) scrotum D) prepuce E) ductus (vas) deferens
D) prepuce
The process in which sperm are streamlined into a head, midpiece, and tail is called: A) spermatogenesis B) acrosomal reaction C) oogenesis D) spermiogenesis E) ovulation
D) spermiogenesis
Normal healthy semen has an approximate pH level of: A) 3.5-4 B) 4.0-5.7 C) 6.0-7.0 D)7.2-7.6 E) 8.5-9.0
D)7.2-7.6
Sperm that are ejaculated travel from the epididymis into the: A) seminiferous tubule B) rete testis C) urethra D) ejaculatory duct E) ductus (vas) deferens
E) ductus (vas) deferens
Which one of the following is NOT a component of semen: A) sperm B) seminal fluid C) prostatic fluid D) bulbourethral fluid E) epididymal fluid
E) epididymal fluid
Spermatogenesis produces: A) four spermatogonia B) four spermatids C) two sperm D) two spermatids E) four sperm
E) four sperm
Which one of the following is not true of the proliferative state of the menstrual cycle: A) it is stimulated by rising estrogen levels B) the basal layer of the endometrium regenerates C) glands are formed in the endometrium D) endometrial blood supply is increased E) the endometrium becomes thin and shiny in appearance
E) the endometrium becomes thin and shiny in appearance
True or False Urine and sperm are able to pass through the urethra at the same time.
FALSE
True or False Sperm are matured and ejaculated from the epididymis and ductus (vas) deferens during ejaculation.
False
True or False The bulbourethral glands are located inferior to the prostate gland and produce a clear mucous secretion that aids lubrication during sexual intercourse.
TRUE
The narrow outlet of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina is the __________.
cervix
The first portion of the duct system of the male reproductive system is the __________.
epididymis
The type of sugar that is found in semen and provides essentially all the energy fuel for sperm is called __________.
fructose
Burrowing of the fertilized egg into the endometrium lining of the uterus is called __________.
implantation
The hormone testosterone is produced by the __________ cells of the testes.
interstitial
The series of events that expel the infant from the uterus are referred to collectively as __________.
labor
The cessation of ovulation and menses for an entire year is called __________.
menopause
Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle are the first phase known as the __________ phase.
menstrual
The fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis is the __________.
mons pubis
The process of creating female gametes is called __________.
oogenesis
Tiny saclike structures within the ovaries in which oocytes are found are called _______
ovarian follicles or vesicular follicle
The hormone produced by the corpus luteum that helps maintain pregnancy is called __________.
progesterone
The ligament that anchors the anterior portion of the uterus is called the __________.
round ligament
The sac of skin that houses the testes outside the body is the __________.
scrotum
The glands that produce a thick, yellowish secretion which nourishes and activates sperm are the __________.
seminal vesicles
The process that streamlines spermatids into sperm is known as __________.
spermiogenesis
