Ch.8

58) Which of the following statements is true of the developmental changes in parent-child relationships? A) As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them. B) Parents play a minimal role in supporting children's academic achievement in middle and late childhood. C) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting. D) Family management practices are positively related to school-related problems.

A) As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them.

16) Which of the following statements is true of children's self-esteem? A) Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them. B) Self-esteem decreases when children face a problem and try to cope with it. C) Self-esteem increases when children avoid a problem. D) The straightforward teaching of real skills to children often results in decreased achievement and, thus, in diminished self-esteem.

A) Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

69) Which of the following statements is true of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood? A) Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers. B) The size of the peer group decreases with the age of the child. C) Children under 12 years of age prefer mixed-sex peer groups to same-sex peer groups. D) As children move through middle and late childhood, peer interaction is more closely supervised by adults.

A) Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers.

28) In the context of the developmental changes in emotions during the middle and late childhood years, who among the following children most likely exhibits the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions? A) Chris, who has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him B) Lila, who is aware that her sadness today is influenced by her friend moving to another town last week C) Damian, who realizes that achieving something might involve both anxiety and joy D) Broderick, who feels sympathy for a distressed person and experiences vicariously the sadness the distressed person is feeling

A) Chris, who has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him

4) In the context of emotional and personality development, identify a true statement about perspective taking. A) Executive function is at work in perspective taking. B) Children decrease their perspective taking in middle and late childhood. C) Perspective taking refers to global evaluations of the self. D) Perspective taking hinders children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others.

A) Executive function is at work in perspective taking.

82) Which of the following statements is true of bullying in the social context of a peer group? A) Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group. B) Bullies are usually rejected by their peer group. C) Classmates of bullying victims are usually unaware of bullying incidents. D) Bullies avoid tormenting victims in front of their peers.

A) Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.

5) In the context of prosocial behavior, which of the following statements is true of perspective taking? A) It improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need. B) It makes children become less skeptical of others' claims. C) It is likely to make children engage in more aggressive and oppositional behavior. D) It plays a minimal role in determining whether children develop prosocial attitudes and behavior.

A) It improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

21) According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy? A) It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve. B) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts. C) It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex. D) It refers to global evaluations of the self.

A) It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

3) In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking? A) It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings. B) It is referred to as the global evaluative dimension of the self. C) It is referred to as the domain-specific evaluation of the self. D) It is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

A) It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings

30) The floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and Keith's family is one of the families affected by the disaster. He is trying to help his son, Judd, cope with the tragedy. In this scenario, which of the following is a recommendation that Keith should follow to help Judd cope with the stress? A) Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him. B) Keith should discourage Judd from talking about disturbing feelings related to the event. C) Keith should allow Judd to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy. D) Keith should encourage discussion of the event with others in front of Judd.

A) Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him.

40) Which of the following statements reflects Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others. B) Kohlberg's theory sees an individual as a product of a family process and as dependent on the process to make moral decisions. C) Kohlberg's theory does not capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world. D) Kohlberg's theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.

A) Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others.

65) Which of the following statements is true of stepfamilies? A) Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than the death of a spouse. B) Stepfamilies include far more infants or preschool children than elementary and secondary school children. C) The histories and multiple relationships involved in stepfamilies make adjustment between the couples simpler. D) In stepmother families, the mother typically has custody of the children and remarries, introducing a stepfather into her children's lives.

A) Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than the death of a spouse.

85) Which of the following is true of bullying? A) One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying. B) Frequent bullying is linked to low social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group. C) A recent meta-analysis indicates that positive parenting behavior is related to a greater likelihood of becoming a victim of bullying at school. D) Children who are bullied are more likely to have low grades and to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol.

A) One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

1) Which of the following statements is true of the development of self-understanding in children? A) Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood. B) From 8 to 11 years of age, self-understanding is focused on the description of physical characteristics. C) During the elementary school years, children are less likely to recognize social aspects of the self. D) Children's self-understanding in the elementary school years includes distinguishing themselves from others in absolute terms.

A) Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood.

45) In the context of domain theory, which of the following scenarios best represents social conventional reasoning? A) Sheila raising her hand before speaking in class B) Monica providing the airport staff with her passport before boarding her flight C) Damian undergoing a medical test before donating blood to another person D) Mathew punishing his son for lying

A) Sheila raising her hand before speaking in class

78) According to John Coie, which of the following is a reason why aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships? A) They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention. B) They are less emotionally reactive. C) They receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers. D) They are unappreciated by their parents and teachers.

A) They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention.

61) In the context of developmental changes in parent-child relationships, which of the following is true of family management practices? A) They are positively related to students' grades. B) They are positively related to school-related problems. C) They are negatively related to students' self-responsibility. D) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.

A) They are positively related to students' grades.

31) Which of the following is an important distinction between a psychiatrist and a psychologist? A) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist typically cannot prescribe medication. B) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has a medical degree. C) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has an undergraduate degree. D) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist must spend three to four years as a resident physician.

A) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist typically cannot prescribe medication.

2) In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to A) compare themselves with others. B) refrain from social comparison. C) use physical characteristics to describe themselves. D) use outer states to describe themselves.

A) compare themselves with others.

67) Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne. Wayne has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a _____ stepfamily. A) complex B) segregated C) simple D) mixed

A) complex

98) The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the _____ approach to learning. A) constructivist B) social cognitive C) direct instruction D) collaborative

A) constructivist

77) In the context of the five peer statuses distinguished by developmentalists, _____ are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked. A) controversial children B) average children C) neglected children D) rejected children

A) controversial children

100) Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a learning setting using a _____ approach. A) direct instruction B) peer-led discussion C) constructivist D) group discussion

A) direct instruction

29) Which of the following is an aspect of social-emotional learning that the Second Step program focuses on in pre-K? A) executive function skills B) problem-solving skills C) communication skills D) decision-making skills

A) executive function skills

57) A recent study has shown that females are better than males at _____ across the life span. A) facial emotion perception B) arithmetic C) jumping D) cooking

A) facial emotion perception

54) Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that A) females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do. B) males engage in more prosocial behavior than females do. C) girls are likely to be more aggressive than boys. D) boys are better at reading and writing than girls.

A) females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do.

50) Tamara often tells her daughter that a well-adjusted girl is supposed to be dependent, nurturing, and uninterested in power. She also believes that girls should learn to cook and take care of the household. Tamara's notion reflects A) gender stereotypes. B) gender constancies. C) gender identities. D) gender schemas.

A) gender stereotypes.

20) Students with _____ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity." A) high self-efficacy B) high self-esteem C) low self-efficacy D) low self-esteem

A) high self-efficacy

26) Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called A) industry versus inferiority. B) trust versus mistrust. C) integrity versus despair. D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

A) industry versus inferiority.

55) Because the distributions for males and females on different brain features overlap considerably, Janet Shibley Hyde and her colleagues describe the pattern as a(n) _____ rather than as male-typical and female-typical brains. A) mosaic B ) origami C) kaleidoscope D) trifecta

A) mosaic

94) Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing resources and assistance? A) physical support B) affection and intimacy C) ego support D) social comparison

A) physical support

33) Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning? A) postconventional B) conventional C) preconventional D) universal

A) postconventional

34) When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against the treatment of women on her university campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. Kai is likely operating at the _____ reasoning level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory. A) postconventional B) conventional C) unconventional D) preconventional

A) postconventional

32) Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, Megan is currently in the _____ reasoning level of moral thinking. A) preconventional B) conventional C) interconventional D) postconventional

A) preconventional

81) Unlike nonaggressive children, when aggressive boys search for cues to determine a peer's intention, they respond more A) rapidly. B) efficiently. C) reflectively. D) thoughtfully.

A) rapidly.

9) Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self? A) self-concept B) self-esteem C) self-awareness D) self-control

A) self-concept

91) Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny most likely describing? A) stimulation and ego support B) companionship and social comparison C) physical support and intimacy/affection D) social comparison and intimacy/affection

A) stimulation and ego support

56) In a recent study, researchers found girls had more negative views of math and achieved lower scores in math when A) they perceived teachers had gendered expectations favoring boys over girls. B) they felt teachers were favoring girls over boys. C) teachers did not offer girls remedial math education. D) they were trying to do math without help from boys.

A) they perceived teachers had gendered expectations favoring boys over girls.

99) Mr. Trahan teaches English. He adopts a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is most likely that the students will be A) working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem. B) passively learning relevant information about a poem from Mr. Trahan. C) memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays. D) learning aspects of a play without the guidance of Mr. Trahan.

A) working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem.

66) An analysis of stepfamilies found that about _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems. A) 20 B) 25 C) 40 D) 50

B) 25

48) It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around _____ years of age. A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10

B) 6

84) According to meta-analyses, which of the following statements is true of traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A) Traditional bullying occurs twice as much as cyberbullying does. B) Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is. C) Those who engage in cyberbullying are unlikely to engage in traditional bullying. D) Adolescents experiencing social and emotional difficulties are more likely to be traditionally bullied than to be cyberbullied.

B) Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.

92) In the context of children's friendships, which of the following represents the function of comparison served by friendship? A) Friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement. B) Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay. C) Friendship provides resources and assistance. D) Friendship provides children with a warm, close, and trusting relationship with another individual.

B) Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay.

97) _____ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts. A) Ego support B) Intimacy in friendships C) Physical support D) Social comparison

B) Intimacy in friendships

14) Which of the following statements is true of the consequences of low self-esteem in children? A) It makes children prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. B) It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency. C) It often translates into an arrogant, grandiose, and unwarranted sense of superiority over others. D) It reflects accurate perceptions of one's self that often match reality.

B) It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency.

39) Which of the following statements accurately represents one of the criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) Kohlberg's theory stresses that moral thoughts are essentially unimportant in children's moral development. B) Kohlberg's approach misses or misconstrues some important moral concepts in specific cultures. C) Kohlberg's theory puts relationships and concern for others above abstract principles. D) Kohlberg's approach emphasizes that morality begins with rapid evaluative judgments of others.

B) Kohlberg's approach misses or misconstrues some important moral concepts in specific cultures.

8) Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible regarding reactions to this incident? A) Six-year-old children are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. B) Nine-year-old children are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. C) Five- to six-year-old children are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. D) Ten- to eleven-year-old children are more likely to accept Trey's self-report.

B) Nine-year-old children are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.

11) _____ is also called self-worth or self-image. A) Self-control B) Self-esteem C) Self-efficacy D) Self-concept

B) Self-esteem

87) In the context of children's development, identify a true statement about friendship. A) Like adult friendships, children's friendships are characterized by dissimilarity. B) Throughout childhood, friends are more similar than dissimilar in terms of age, sex, race, and many other factors. C) Friends often have dissimilar attitudes toward school and educational aspirations. D) It is often developmentally beneficial to have coercive and conflict-ridden friendships.

B) Throughout childhood, friends are more similar than dissimilar in terms of age, sex, race, and many other factors.

15) Children with high self-esteem typically A) become bullies as they grow up. B) are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. C) tend to be insecurely attached to their parents. D) have low initiative, which produces uniquely positive outcomes.

B) are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.

42) In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) _____ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. A) justice B) care C) non-egocentric D) egocentric

B) care

90) Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on A) skills-training victims of bullying in self-defense and assertion techniques. B) decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying. C) moving victims of bullying to a different classroom where they feel safer. D) ostracizing bullies and empowering victims of bullying.

B) decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

27) Julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of A) stagnation. B) inferiority. C) shame and doubt. D) identity diffusion.

B) inferiority.

60) Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy? A) regulating to have complete control over their own lives B) learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis C) learning to live with deprivation of privileges D) exercising supervision and control of younger siblings

B) learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

72) Benjamin, a student, sits at the back of the classroom. Only a few children in the class know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status? A) popular B) neglected C) rejected D) controversial

B) neglected

71) According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children? A) gifted children B) neglected children C) homeschooled children D) conforming children

B) neglected children

46) In the context of domain theory, moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and A) arbitrary. B) obligatory. C) only applicable to certain individuals. D) subject to change by social consensus.

B) obligatory.

64) About _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried. A) one-fourth B) one-third C) one-half D) three-fourths

B) one-third

36) Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning. A) sibling interaction B) peer interaction C) parental influence D) teacher influence

B) peer interaction

75) Anthony is rarely nominated as someone's best friend. He is actively disliked by many children in his class. In the context of peer statuses, Anthony would be classified as a(n) _____ child. A) controversial B) rejected C) neglected D) average

B) rejected

13) When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's A) self-control. B) self-concept. C) self-efficacy. D) self-esteem.

B) self-concept.

24) Darren is an active 12-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions? A) low self-esteem B) self-regulation C) high self-esteem D) self-efficacy

B) self-regulation

96) Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement? A) physical support B) stimulation C) social comparison D) ego support

B) stimulation

80) According to Kenneth Dodge, aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when A) their self-esteem is challenged. B) the child's intention is ambiguous. C) their aggressive responses can be exercised discreetly. D) the child presents himself or herself as a weak and gullible victim.

B) the child's intention is ambiguous.

52) According to research studies, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys? A) visuospatial skills B) verbal skills C) physical skills D) mathematical skills

B) verbal skills

63) In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age _____ or later. A) 5 B) 9 C) 12 D) 16

C) 12

89) In the context of children's development, which of the following is true of children's friendships? A) Throughout childhood, friends are more dissimilar than similar in terms of sex. B) Friends usually have different achievement orientations. C) Children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity. D) Children's friendships are all typically alike.

C) Children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity.

10) _____ refers to global evaluations of the self. A) Self-control B) Self-concept C) Self-esteem D) Self-awareness

C) Self-esteem

37) Which of the following statements represents one of the criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others. B) Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory. C) There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior. D) There is no emphasis on the need for justice in matters of morality.

C) There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

23) Which of the following is true of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self- efficacy? A) They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks. B) They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness. C) They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy. D) They avoid learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

C) They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.

53) Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females. A) joy B) fear C) anger D) shame

C) anger

83) Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls? A) subject of sexual comments or gestures B) subject of rumors C) belittled about religion or race D) belittled about looks or speech

C) belittled about religion or race

59) Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces A) deregulation. B) socioregulation. C) coregulation. D) bioregulation.

C) coregulation.

43) With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principles rather than on relationships and concern for others. Therefore, she has a(n) _____ perspective on morality. A) prosocial B) care C) justice D) unconventional

C) justice

22) Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging. A) high self-efficacy B) a diffused self-concept C) low self-efficacy D) low self-awareness

C) low self-efficacy

47) Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during A) middle and late infancy. B) late infancy. C) middle and late childhood. D) early adolescence.

C) middle and late childhood.

76) Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, Gavin would be classified as a(n) _____ child. A) controversial B) rejected C) neglected D) average

C) neglected

73) Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Only a few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status? A) popular B) neglected C) rejected D) controversial

C) rejected

18) The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called A) self-concept. B) self-confidence. C) self-efficacy. D) self-esteem.

C) self-efficacy.

93) Ten-year-old Jose finds that he needs to talk to Richard, his friend, in order to know whether his feelings about his own brothers and sisters are normal. Which friendship function does Richard provide in this case? A) companionship B) ego support C) social comparison D) intimacy/affection

C) social comparison

49) Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender A) identities. B) constancies. C) stereotypes. D) roles.

C) stereotypes.

51) One area of math that boys are found to be better at is A) advanced calculus. B) numeracy skills. C) visuospatial skills. D) computation skills.

C) visuospatial skills.

19) According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is most likely to be endorsed by students with high self-efficacy? A) "I think I am better than everyone else." B) "I wish I could perform well in sports." C) "I will not be able to do well at this activity." D) "I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class."

D) "I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class."

25) In the context of emotional and personality development in middle and late childhood, which of the following is true of self-regulation? A) Low self-regulation is linked to a narrowing gap in low-SES children's emotional problems. B) High self-regulation is linked to higher levels of deviant behavior. C) It leads to decreased social competence and achievement. D) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

D) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

41) Identify the statement that best reflects Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. A) Kohlberg's theory puts too much emphasis on interpersonal communication. B) Kohlberg's theory views people in terms of their connectedness with others. C) Kohlberg's theory takes a care perspective with regard to moral development. D) Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.

D) Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.

38) In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. In the context of the scenario, which of the following statements would most accurately serve as a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development? A) As people age, their moral reasoning is increasingly based on the application of standards set by others. B) Moral thinking is an intuitive gut reaction. C) Purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention. D) Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

D) Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

86) Victims of cyberbullying are most likely to respond in what way to the online attacks and harassments? A) They withdraw from their peer group. B) They practice self-harm, such as cutting or burning. C) They attempt suicide. D) They inform a friend about the incident.

D) They inform a friend about the incident.

17) Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice? A) They tend to undervalue the rewards that aggression can bring. B) The increased self-esteem produces better school performance. C) They are increasingly prone to developing antisocial actions. D) They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

D) They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

88) Popular children A) are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers. B) are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers. C) receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers. D) are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

D) are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

68) Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to A) better satisfaction in marriage in early adulthood. B) less depression in middle adulthood. C) better job performance in middle adulthood. D) better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

D) better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

62) Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities ahead of time. Her mother frequently checks on her school progress and talks to her about her problems and her social life. In this context, Angie's mother's approach to parent-child relationships is most likely to be a process of A) boundary ambiguity. B) latchkey control. C) unilateral control. D) coregulation.

D) coregulation.

95) Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals? A) physical support B) affection and intimacy C) social comparison D) ego support

D) ego support

74) In the context of peer statuses, _____ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. A) rejected B) controversial C) average D) popular

D) popular

35) A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _____ reasoning. A) conventional B) unconventional C) preconventional D) postconventional

D) postconventional

6) In terms of _____ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need. A) aggressive B) antisocial C) atypical D) prosocial

D) prosocial

12) Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's A) self-control. B) self-concept. C) self-efficacy. D) self-esteem.

D) self-esteem.

79) An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of _____ in behavior development. A) stereotyping B) cognitive dissonance C) cultural bias D) social cognition

D) social cognition

44) Fernando does not cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning? A) prosocial reasoning B) social order reasoning C) social consensus reasoning D) social conventional reasoning

D) social conventional reasoning

70) The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their _____ status. A) psychometric B) socioeconomic C) popularity D) sociometric

D) sociometric

7) Children who engage less in perspective taking are more likely to do which of the following? A) develop a submissive and passive behavior B) lose the ability to defend themselves C) give generously to others D) struggle in peer relations

D) struggle in peer relations