chapt 4

the large intestine absorbs about ___ % of the water

75%

arrange small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract

duodenum jejunum ileum

digestion is

the process of breaking down foods into a form the body can use

organ systems

work together to perform a function or set of functions endocrine system digestive system

the intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which B vitamin in the small intestine

B-12

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile

Cholecystokinin

the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the US are

Crohn's Disease ulcerative colitis

how much digestive fluid is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day

about 29 cups

main functions of the large intestine

absorbs water and electrolytes house bacterial flora form and expel feces

the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be ____ structures

accessory

when a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption

amino acids glucose

lifestyle change modifications for GERD and ulcers often include

avoiding foods that cause reflux symptoms not laying down right after eating eating small meals instead of large ones

the pancreatic juices are very ___ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.

basic, alkaline

the small intestine protects itself from erosion through the secretion of sodium ___

bicarbonate

what is needed to facilitate active absorption

carrier protein ATP energy

substance passes the large intestine

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

gallstones are composed of ___

cholesterol bile pigments

liquid contents of the stomach and a mixture of acid, enzymes, and partially digested food known as

chyme

in the small intestine the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to

come into close contact with the villi to be completely mixed with digestive juices

tendons and cartilage are made of ___ tissue

connective

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fiver and fluids

match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter hepatopancreatic sphincter

control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter pyloric sphincter

control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

a common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is ___

diarrhea

match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause bitter

diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine

gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. The recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ___ circulation

enterohepatic

swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ___

esophagus

risk factors for gallstone formation

female consumption of low- fiber diet excess weight rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting

match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause sour

from acids

match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause umami

from amino acids, primary glutamate

match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause salty

from metal ions such as sodium

match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause sweet

from organic compounds such as sugars

which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion

fructose

the amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is ___

glutamate

the parietal cells of the stomach secrete

hydrochloric acid intrinsic factor

in a ___ reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules

hydrolysis

identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine

lactobacilli bifidobacteria

beneficial bacteria reside in the ___ intestine

large intestine

feces is formed and held in which organ?

large intestine

the ___ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed

large intestine

nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to these circulatory systems in the body

lymphatic system cardiovascular system

digestive enzymes are

made of proteins catalyze chemical reactions

digestive organs in the order they come into contact with food

mouth and salivary glands esophagus stomach liver gallbladder pancreas small intestine large intestine rectum

people with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ___ secreted by the stomach

mucous

components of saliva

mucus lysozyme- kill bacteria amylase- break down starch lipase- fat digesting enzyme lubricants

how well a persons individual organs work is determined by

overall nutritional state

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ___

peristaltic

match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter lower esophageal sphincter

prevent back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter anal sphincter

prevent defecation until person desires to do so

match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter Ileocecal valve

prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

yogurt would be classified as a ___ food

probiotic

___ are live microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits

probiotics

lingual lipase and salivary amylase are 2 components of the liquid called ___ which is produced by glands in the mouth

saliva

the site of most nutrient absorption is the

small intestine

pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ___ for digestion

starch

chyme is formed in the ___ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

stomach

the primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the ___ into the small intestine

stomach

the thickest and strongest muscles of the Gi tract are formed in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices

stomach

absorption is

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood of the lymph

digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or minerals cofactors they require to function

the function of the epithelial calls absorbs nutrients, secrete important substances, excretes ____, and protect underlying tissues

waste

the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion

water fats

which of the following dietary components are primarily absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?

water alcohol

hydrolysis reactions

yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall are catalyzed by digestive enzymes water molecules are used to break down large molecules