chapt 4
the large intestine absorbs about ___ % of the water
75%
arrange small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract
duodenum jejunum ileum
digestion is
the process of breaking down foods into a form the body can use
organ systems
work together to perform a function or set of functions endocrine system digestive system
the intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which B vitamin in the small intestine
B-12
This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile
Cholecystokinin
the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the US are
Crohn's Disease ulcerative colitis
how much digestive fluid is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day
about 29 cups
main functions of the large intestine
absorbs water and electrolytes house bacterial flora form and expel feces
the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be ____ structures
accessory
when a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
active absorption
which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption
amino acids glucose
lifestyle change modifications for GERD and ulcers often include
avoiding foods that cause reflux symptoms not laying down right after eating eating small meals instead of large ones
the pancreatic juices are very ___ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.
basic, alkaline
the small intestine protects itself from erosion through the secretion of sodium ___
bicarbonate
what is needed to facilitate active absorption
carrier protein ATP energy
substance passes the large intestine
cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon
gallstones are composed of ___
cholesterol bile pigments
liquid contents of the stomach and a mixture of acid, enzymes, and partially digested food known as
chyme
in the small intestine the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to
come into close contact with the villi to be completely mixed with digestive juices
tendons and cartilage are made of ___ tissue
connective
Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes
consuming more fiver and fluids
match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter hepatopancreatic sphincter
control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine
match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter pyloric sphincter
control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine
a common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is ___
diarrhea
match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause bitter
diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine
gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. The recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ___ circulation
enterohepatic
swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ___
esophagus
risk factors for gallstone formation
female consumption of low- fiber diet excess weight rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting
match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause sour
from acids
match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause umami
from amino acids, primary glutamate
match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause salty
from metal ions such as sodium
match taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the cause sweet
from organic compounds such as sugars
which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion
fructose
the amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is ___
glutamate
the parietal cells of the stomach secrete
hydrochloric acid intrinsic factor
in a ___ reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules
hydrolysis
identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine
lactobacilli bifidobacteria
beneficial bacteria reside in the ___ intestine
large intestine
feces is formed and held in which organ?
large intestine
the ___ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed
large intestine
nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to these circulatory systems in the body
lymphatic system cardiovascular system
digestive enzymes are
made of proteins catalyze chemical reactions
digestive organs in the order they come into contact with food
mouth and salivary glands esophagus stomach liver gallbladder pancreas small intestine large intestine rectum
people with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ___ secreted by the stomach
mucous
components of saliva
mucus lysozyme- kill bacteria amylase- break down starch lipase- fat digesting enzyme lubricants
how well a persons individual organs work is determined by
overall nutritional state
waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ___
peristaltic
match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter lower esophageal sphincter
prevent back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus
match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter anal sphincter
prevent defecation until person desires to do so
match sphincter of the GI tract with the function of that sphincter Ileocecal valve
prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
yogurt would be classified as a ___ food
probiotic
___ are live microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits
probiotics
lingual lipase and salivary amylase are 2 components of the liquid called ___ which is produced by glands in the mouth
saliva
the site of most nutrient absorption is the
small intestine
pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ___ for digestion
starch
chyme is formed in the ___ as food is mixed with digestive secretions
stomach
the primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the ___ into the small intestine
stomach
the thickest and strongest muscles of the Gi tract are formed in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices
stomach
absorption is
the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood of the lymph
digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the
type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or minerals cofactors they require to function
the function of the epithelial calls absorbs nutrients, secrete important substances, excretes ____, and protect underlying tissues
waste
the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion
water fats
which of the following dietary components are primarily absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?
water alcohol
hydrolysis reactions
yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall are catalyzed by digestive enzymes water molecules are used to break down large molecules