Chapter 1 A&P Lecture Notes
CHNOPS
96% of atoms found in living things.
feedback system
A _________ is a cycle of events (loop) in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated and changed. They are + or -.
system
A _________ is related organs with a common function.
receptor
A __________ senses stimulus and sends information to the control center. "lock"
organism
An ________ is any living individual; all organ systems working together.
organ
An __________ is a combination of 2 or more tissues; perform specific functions.
coupled
Anabolism & catabolism are ______ reactions. (back to back)
nucleic acids
DNA, RNA and ATP are all ______ ______.
protein
If you don't have enough ________ you will notice catabolism.
homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal condition or balance is __________.
electrolytes
Na, Cl, Ca & K function as _______ in blood.
run-away
Positive feedback systems can be dangerous and have a "_________" effect if not stopped.
skeleton
The _________ renews every 7 years.
control center
The ____________ sets normal range and sends command to effector.
embryology
The first 8 weeks of development after fertilization is _____________.
growth
The increase in the size of the body and cell, or the number of cells is _________.
itis
_____ is inflammation. (swelling, heat, redness)
supine
_____ is laying face up, palms up.
67
______ % of the body is water, the rest is protein.
essential organic
______ ______ molecules; the body needs them. lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
aqueous humor and vitreous body
______ and ______ is fluid found in the eyes.
atoms
______ are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.
synovial
______ fluid is found between bones of a joint.
ATP
______ is made from oxygen and glucose, and supplies the body with fuel or chemical energy.
urine
______ is water that comes from your blood stream.
cardiac
______ muscle makes up the heart.
nervous
______ tissue is the main component of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, and nerves-which regulates and controls body functions.
calcium
_______ "butlers" or escorts things where they need to be.
nervous & endocrine
_______ & _______ systems maintain homeostasis (by regulating or coordinating all other systems.
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
_______ 4 tissues of the body. ECMN
vitamins
_______ are important to get your essential nutrients; prevent catabolism.
lymph
_______ is a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream. Puss exuding from a sore.
perilymph
_______ is fluid found in the ear.
pronate
_______ is laying face down, palms up.
pronation
_______ is palms facing down. (posterior)
plasma
_______ is the liquid portion of blood.
movement
_______ is the motion of the whole body, organs, cells or structures within cells.
inorganic
_______ molecules sometimes contain carbon.
smooth
_______ muscle involuntarily contracts; moves food through digestive system, uterus moves baby out.
axon
_______ or "long stem like part of cell; sends action potential signals to the next cell.
intercellular or interstitial
_______ or _______ fluid is found between and near cells.
urinary
_______ system filters the blood of waste & regulates electrolytes in blood.
muscular
_______ system generates heat.
respiratory
_______ system introduces respiratory gases to the interior; molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion.
skeletal
_______ system makes blood.
water, intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
_______, ________, and ________ are the 3 types of body fluids.
molecules
________ are 2 or more atoms joined together.
organelle
________ are tiny organs found in cells.
stem cells
________ are undifferentiated.
drugs
________ can help maintain homeostasis, by replacing what the body is lacking.
cerebrospinal (CFS)
________ fluid is found in the spine.
extracellular (ECF)
________ fluid is outside cells: interstitial, synovial, plasma, lymph, vitreous body, aqueous humor.
intracellular (ICF)
________ fluid is within cells: cytoplasm.
osteoporosis
________ is caused by a lack of calcium.
reproduction
________ is the formation of new cells and tissues for repair or new individual.
meninges
________ is the membrane surrounding the brain.
skeletal
________ muscle is attached to bone allowing you to move.
endocrine
________ system involves hormones and glands.
digestive
________ system is the intake and disposal of nutrients. it also affects blood volume and composition.
cardiovascular
________ system pumps blood through vessels that transports and deliver oxygen, carbon dioxide, food & waste.
connective
________ tissue allows things to communicate; tendons, blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue.
epithelial
________ tissue covers and lines glands and ducts; the outer layer or skin.
nervous & endocrine
_________ & _________ systems regulate / coordinate all other systems to maintain homeostasis.
proteins
_________ are in meat & legumes.
carbohydrates
_________ are starches and sugars.
cells
_________ are the structural and functional units of life. They regenerate every 24 hours.
tissues
_________ cells working together to perform a particular function.
water
_________ is the "solvent".
responsiveness
_________ is the body's ability to detect and respond to change.
chemical
_________ is the lowest or simplest level; atoms, molecules.
physiology
_________ is the study of body function; how parts work.
anatomy
_________ is the study of body structures and relationships between structures.
cytology
_________ is the study of cells.
histology
_________ is the study of tissues.
effector
_________ receives command and produces response.
baroreceptors
_________ receives info about pressure.
immune
_________ response fights off disease.
lymphatic
_________ system supports the cardiovascular system and defends against disease.
negative
__________ feedback changes or reverses the original reaction. (sweat to radiate heat or shiver to create heat)
positive
__________ feedback tends to strengthen or reinforce; increase frequency until an event occurs. (birth)
catabolism
__________ is to break down (decompose); if you don't have enough protein, this will happen.
metabolism
___________ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. (anabolic and catabolic).
anabolism
___________ is to build or make (synthesize) energy, growth and repair.
endocrinology
____________ is the study of the endocrine system (glands & hormones, and how they control body function)."key"
differentiation
____________ is when cells develop from unspecialized to a specialized state.
supination
________is palms facing up. (anterior)
RNA
_____help carry out DNA (chromosome is like a cookbook and DNA is like the recipe).
hormone
a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. "key"
stimulus
a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue
loose
adipose (fat) is a ________ connective tissue.
organic
all ________ molecules contain carbon.
AMOCTOSO
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems and organism are the 6 levels of structural organization.
lipids
cholesterol or fat are ______. steroids and hormones are also made of them.
DNA
genes and chromosomes are made of _____.
sugar
genetic code is made up of ______.
dense
ligaments (elastic bands) & tendons (glue) are _________ connective tissues.
stimulus-receptor-control center-effector-increase/decrease in change-back to receptor
order of events in a feedback system are ______________.
H2O
vitamin B & C are ______ soluble.
lipid
vitamins A, D & E are _____ soluble; through skin or membrane.