Chapter 1 A&P Lecture Notes

CHNOPS

96% of atoms found in living things.

feedback system

A _________ is a cycle of events (loop) in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated and changed. They are + or -.

system

A _________ is related organs with a common function.

receptor

A __________ senses stimulus and sends information to the control center. "lock"

organism

An ________ is any living individual; all organ systems working together.

organ

An __________ is a combination of 2 or more tissues; perform specific functions.

coupled

Anabolism & catabolism are ______ reactions. (back to back)

nucleic acids

DNA, RNA and ATP are all ______ ______.

protein

If you don't have enough ________ you will notice catabolism.

homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal condition or balance is __________.

electrolytes

Na, Cl, Ca & K function as _______ in blood.

run-away

Positive feedback systems can be dangerous and have a "_________" effect if not stopped.

skeleton

The _________ renews every 7 years.

control center

The ____________ sets normal range and sends command to effector.

embryology

The first 8 weeks of development after fertilization is _____________.

growth

The increase in the size of the body and cell, or the number of cells is _________.

itis

_____ is inflammation. (swelling, heat, redness)

supine

_____ is laying face up, palms up.

67

______ % of the body is water, the rest is protein.

essential organic

______ ______ molecules; the body needs them. lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.

aqueous humor and vitreous body

______ and ______ is fluid found in the eyes.

atoms

______ are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.

synovial

______ fluid is found between bones of a joint.

ATP

______ is made from oxygen and glucose, and supplies the body with fuel or chemical energy.

urine

______ is water that comes from your blood stream.

cardiac

______ muscle makes up the heart.

nervous

______ tissue is the main component of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, and nerves-which regulates and controls body functions.

calcium

_______ "butlers" or escorts things where they need to be.

nervous & endocrine

_______ & _______ systems maintain homeostasis (by regulating or coordinating all other systems.

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

_______ 4 tissues of the body. ECMN

vitamins

_______ are important to get your essential nutrients; prevent catabolism.

lymph

_______ is a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream. Puss exuding from a sore.

perilymph

_______ is fluid found in the ear.

pronate

_______ is laying face down, palms up.

pronation

_______ is palms facing down. (posterior)

plasma

_______ is the liquid portion of blood.

movement

_______ is the motion of the whole body, organs, cells or structures within cells.

inorganic

_______ molecules sometimes contain carbon.

smooth

_______ muscle involuntarily contracts; moves food through digestive system, uterus moves baby out.

axon

_______ or "long stem like part of cell; sends action potential signals to the next cell.

intercellular or interstitial

_______ or _______ fluid is found between and near cells.

urinary

_______ system filters the blood of waste & regulates electrolytes in blood.

muscular

_______ system generates heat.

respiratory

_______ system introduces respiratory gases to the interior; molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion.

skeletal

_______ system makes blood.

water, intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

_______, ________, and ________ are the 3 types of body fluids.

molecules

________ are 2 or more atoms joined together.

organelle

________ are tiny organs found in cells.

stem cells

________ are undifferentiated.

drugs

________ can help maintain homeostasis, by replacing what the body is lacking.

cerebrospinal (CFS)

________ fluid is found in the spine.

extracellular (ECF)

________ fluid is outside cells: interstitial, synovial, plasma, lymph, vitreous body, aqueous humor.

intracellular (ICF)

________ fluid is within cells: cytoplasm.

osteoporosis

________ is caused by a lack of calcium.

reproduction

________ is the formation of new cells and tissues for repair or new individual.

meninges

________ is the membrane surrounding the brain.

skeletal

________ muscle is attached to bone allowing you to move.

endocrine

________ system involves hormones and glands.

digestive

________ system is the intake and disposal of nutrients. it also affects blood volume and composition.

cardiovascular

________ system pumps blood through vessels that transports and deliver oxygen, carbon dioxide, food & waste.

connective

________ tissue allows things to communicate; tendons, blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

epithelial

________ tissue covers and lines glands and ducts; the outer layer or skin.

nervous & endocrine

_________ & _________ systems regulate / coordinate all other systems to maintain homeostasis.

proteins

_________ are in meat & legumes.

carbohydrates

_________ are starches and sugars.

cells

_________ are the structural and functional units of life. They regenerate every 24 hours.

tissues

_________ cells working together to perform a particular function.

water

_________ is the "solvent".

responsiveness

_________ is the body's ability to detect and respond to change.

chemical

_________ is the lowest or simplest level; atoms, molecules.

physiology

_________ is the study of body function; how parts work.

anatomy

_________ is the study of body structures and relationships between structures.

cytology

_________ is the study of cells.

histology

_________ is the study of tissues.

effector

_________ receives command and produces response.

baroreceptors

_________ receives info about pressure.

immune

_________ response fights off disease.

lymphatic

_________ system supports the cardiovascular system and defends against disease.

negative

__________ feedback changes or reverses the original reaction. (sweat to radiate heat or shiver to create heat)

positive

__________ feedback tends to strengthen or reinforce; increase frequency until an event occurs. (birth)

catabolism

__________ is to break down (decompose); if you don't have enough protein, this will happen.

metabolism

___________ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. (anabolic and catabolic).

anabolism

___________ is to build or make (synthesize) energy, growth and repair.

endocrinology

____________ is the study of the endocrine system (glands & hormones, and how they control body function)."key"

differentiation

____________ is when cells develop from unspecialized to a specialized state.

supination

________is palms facing up. (anterior)

RNA

_____help carry out DNA (chromosome is like a cookbook and DNA is like the recipe).

hormone

a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. "key"

stimulus

a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue

loose

adipose (fat) is a ________ connective tissue.

organic

all ________ molecules contain carbon.

AMOCTOSO

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems and organism are the 6 levels of structural organization.

lipids

cholesterol or fat are ______. steroids and hormones are also made of them.

DNA

genes and chromosomes are made of _____.

sugar

genetic code is made up of ______.

dense

ligaments (elastic bands) & tendons (glue) are _________ connective tissues.

stimulus-receptor-control center-effector-increase/decrease in change-back to receptor

order of events in a feedback system are ______________.

H2O

vitamin B & C are ______ soluble.

lipid

vitamins A, D & E are _____ soluble; through skin or membrane.