Chapter 1 - Cells: The Basic Units of Life - Review Guide

Archaea

.Type of prokaryote; no nucleus, circular DNA; cell wall; can live in places where no other organisms could live

Organelles

one of the small bodies in a cell's cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function

golgi complex

organelle that packages and distributes proteins

chloroplasts

organelles in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place

lysosome

organelles that contain digestive enzymes

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

studied many different kinds of cells; made his own microscopes

structure

the arrangement of parts in an organism

Robert Hooke

the first person to describe cells

Eukaryotic

the largest cells; an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane; eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi, but not archaea or bacteria

ribosome

the smallest of all organelles; makes proteins

Cell

the smallest unit that can perform all the functions necessary for life

function

the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part

Cell wall

a rigid structure that gives support to a cell

vesicle

a small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell

endoplasmic reticulum

a system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made

vacuole

a vesicle that stores water and other liquids

cytoskeleton

a web of proteins in the cytoplasm that acts as both a muscle and a skeleton to keep the cell's membrane from collapsing

Prokaryotic

an organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus

What are two types of eukaryotic cells?

animal and plant

Extremophiles

archaea that live in places where conditions are extreme

What are the 4 levels of organization in living things?

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

What are the two types of cells?

cells without a nucleus (Prokaryotic) and cells with a nucleus (Eukaryotic)

Cytoplasm

fluid inside the cell

DNA

genetic material

Nucleus

in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction

What are the 3 advantages of being multicellular?

larger size, longer life, specialization

mitochondria

main power source of a cell; organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy

How did Robert Hooke discover cells? Give details of his discovery.

He looked at a piece of cork under a microscope, he thought it looked like tiny boxes, he named them 'cells' meaning "little rooms" in Latin

Rudolf Virchow

A doctor who stated that all cells could form only from other cells and added third part of cell theory

Cell theory

All cells have several important things in common: 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things. 3. All cells come from existing cells.

What are the two types of prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Why are cells so small? Please be able to explain.

Cells take in food and get rid of waste through their outer surface; as a cell's volume increases, its outside surface area grows too; volume always grows faster than surface area; the surface area limits the size of most cells

Theodore Schwann

Concluded that all animal tissues were made of cells and wrote first 2 parts of cell theory

Why are multicellular organisms more complex than unicellular organisms?

Multi-cellular organisms are larger and don't have as many predators. They typically live longer than single-celled organisms. Cells in a multi-cellular organism are specialized, so they function more efficiently.

Explain the relationship between the structure and function of a part of an organism.

Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism. Function is the job the part does. Ex. The function of the lungs is to bring oxygen to the body and get rid of carbon dioxide. The structure of the lungs helps them to perform their function.

How do the Golgi complex, vesicles, and lysosomes work together to keep the cell functioning well?

The Golgi complex processes proteins and moves them where they are needed, including out of the cell. Lysosomes bump into vesicles that have surrounded material to be moved into or out of a cell, and pours enzymes into them. These enzymes digest the particles in the vesicles.

Bacteria

The smallest known cells; most common prokaryote; no nucleus, circular DNA; cell wall; flagellum

Cell membrane

a layer that covers and protects the cell

organism

a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently