Chapter 1 - Cells: The Basic Units of Life - Review Guide
Archaea
.Type of prokaryote; no nucleus, circular DNA; cell wall; can live in places where no other organisms could live
Organelles
one of the small bodies in a cell's cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function
golgi complex
organelle that packages and distributes proteins
chloroplasts
organelles in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place
lysosome
organelles that contain digestive enzymes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
studied many different kinds of cells; made his own microscopes
structure
the arrangement of parts in an organism
Robert Hooke
the first person to describe cells
Eukaryotic
the largest cells; an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane; eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi, but not archaea or bacteria
ribosome
the smallest of all organelles; makes proteins
Cell
the smallest unit that can perform all the functions necessary for life
function
the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part
Cell wall
a rigid structure that gives support to a cell
vesicle
a small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell
endoplasmic reticulum
a system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made
vacuole
a vesicle that stores water and other liquids
cytoskeleton
a web of proteins in the cytoplasm that acts as both a muscle and a skeleton to keep the cell's membrane from collapsing
Prokaryotic
an organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus
What are two types of eukaryotic cells?
animal and plant
Extremophiles
archaea that live in places where conditions are extreme
What are the 4 levels of organization in living things?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
What are the two types of cells?
cells without a nucleus (Prokaryotic) and cells with a nucleus (Eukaryotic)
Cytoplasm
fluid inside the cell
DNA
genetic material
Nucleus
in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction
What are the 3 advantages of being multicellular?
larger size, longer life, specialization
mitochondria
main power source of a cell; organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy
How did Robert Hooke discover cells? Give details of his discovery.
He looked at a piece of cork under a microscope, he thought it looked like tiny boxes, he named them 'cells' meaning "little rooms" in Latin
Rudolf Virchow
A doctor who stated that all cells could form only from other cells and added third part of cell theory
Cell theory
All cells have several important things in common: 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things. 3. All cells come from existing cells.
What are the two types of prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
Why are cells so small? Please be able to explain.
Cells take in food and get rid of waste through their outer surface; as a cell's volume increases, its outside surface area grows too; volume always grows faster than surface area; the surface area limits the size of most cells
Theodore Schwann
Concluded that all animal tissues were made of cells and wrote first 2 parts of cell theory
Why are multicellular organisms more complex than unicellular organisms?
Multi-cellular organisms are larger and don't have as many predators. They typically live longer than single-celled organisms. Cells in a multi-cellular organism are specialized, so they function more efficiently.
Explain the relationship between the structure and function of a part of an organism.
Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism. Function is the job the part does. Ex. The function of the lungs is to bring oxygen to the body and get rid of carbon dioxide. The structure of the lungs helps them to perform their function.
How do the Golgi complex, vesicles, and lysosomes work together to keep the cell functioning well?
The Golgi complex processes proteins and moves them where they are needed, including out of the cell. Lysosomes bump into vesicles that have surrounded material to be moved into or out of a cell, and pours enzymes into them. These enzymes digest the particles in the vesicles.
Bacteria
The smallest known cells; most common prokaryote; no nucleus, circular DNA; cell wall; flagellum
Cell membrane
a layer that covers and protects the cell
organism
a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently
