Chapter 1: Citizenship in Our Changing Democracy

Reuters reports that, as of now,

41 states have opted in, and two states remain silent on the matter.

In 1978, Congress amended the Age Discrimination Employment Act to raise the mandatory retirement age from 65 to

70

The case that established the power of judicial review was

Marbury v. Madison.

According to NPR, which of the following is NOT a restriction under the new law legalizing marijuana in Illinois?

Marijuana use is only allowed for adults 21 years of age and older; users may only buy and possess up to 30 grams.

The United States government is best described as a(n)

constitutional democracy.

De jure segregation is allowed by what?

law

In 1890, women's rights advocates formed the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which fought for ______ rights for women rather than social, economic, or legal rights.

voting

According to the Constitution, a reasonable search is one where the police have obtained a(n) ____________

warrant

The constitutional amendments and civil rights laws of the Civil War and Reconstruction era

were of little value without federal government enforcement

What must a judge determine before issuing a warrant?

whether probable cause exist

Which of the following people could vote at the time that the Constitution was written?

white-property-owning males

Reuter's reports that the administration's new guidelines

will not allow waivers for populations in states with low unemployment rates.

Many of the current areas of discrimination faced by women are the result of what?

women entering more fully into public life

John Stuart Mill described a free society as one that trades in a ______ where citizens can share new ideas and confirm previous beliefs.

"marketplace of ideas"

Which of the following reasons are used by those who support affirmative action?

- African Americans are not the only group to benefit from affirmative action; a wide range of disadvantaged groups are helped. - Merit is not always self-evident and may include subjective considerations. - The gains for disadvantaged groups come with small costs to white males.

Which of the following standards are included in the three-part obscenity test defined by the Supreme Court in Miller v. California?

- Does the average person applying contemporary standards find that the work appeals to the prurient interest? - Does the work as a whole lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value? - Is the material patently offensive?

Which of the following individuals were instrumental in organizing the early women's rights movement beginning in 1840?

- Lucretia Mott - Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Which of the following did the Supreme Court rule in the Dred Scott case?

- Slaves could never be citizens and bring lawsuits in the courts. - Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in the western territories.

Why did the first cases brought by the NAACP focus on segregation in graduate and professional schools as opposed to elementary and high schools?

- The NAACP felt whites would feel less threatened by changes in these venues. - The NAACP believed they had a better chance of winning because there was little chance that government would have to implement the decision.

How did the U.S. government justify the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II?

- The Supreme Court believed that national security was at stake and that interning Japanese Americans was the least restrictive way to identify spies. - The Supreme Court ruled the treatment of Japanese Americans was not a civil rights violation because war involves hardship. - Korematsu v. United States (1944) ruled that internment was constitutional.

In which of the following ways was the drive for women's civil rights different from other civil rights movements?

- The women's civil rights movement began at roughly the same time as the African American movement but has been thwarted by a dominant male culture. - Women do not comprise a minority in society.

Which of the following advancements in the Americans with Disabilities Act has the Supreme Court passed in recent years?

- Those with AIDS were added to the list of persons covered by the ADA. - Students that require special care at school are entitled to it as long as a doctor need not deliver that care.

Which of the following are provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

- a prohibition on discrimination in employment on the grounds of race, religion, national origin, or sex - a ban on discrimination in public accommodations that are engaged in interstate commerce

involvement in what two other movements allowed women in the early women's movement to establish communication networks, which laid the foundation for a movement focused on women's rights?

- abolition - religious revivalism

What didn't the Framers like about a unitary system of government?

- all power rests in a distant, central government - they considered it a threat to personal liberty

What are the two formal ways to ratify an amendment to the United States Constitution?

- approval by three-quarters of the state legislatures - approval by ratifying conventions in three-quarters of the states

Which of the following "special rights" claimed by the media have been disallowed by the Supreme Court?

- being allowed to enter a home when the police are executing a warrant - gaining access to inmates in jail when others have been denied the right - failing to disclose the names of sources

The establishment clause is often interpreted as a separation of ___________ and _____________

- church/religion - state/ government

Which of the following are the four types of power arrangements in a federal system?

- concurrent powers - enumerated powers - reserved powers - prohibited powers

The legitimate use of force and political power by a representative government rests upon which of the following?

- contracts between the government and citizens, such as the U.S. Constitution - shared values that citizens have come to accept over time

Which of the following are examples of material the government allows the media to publish?

- coverage of pretrial hearings - the identity of juvenile offenders - the names of rape victims

Which two of the following have most driven the proliferation of policy innovation in the states in recent years?

- diminished public resources for solving public problems - inability of a divided national government to pass legislation

The requirement that police administer Miranda rights to suspects is meant to

- ensure that citizens are aware of their right to remain silent. - prevent the police from using psychological pressure to gain confessions.

Which of the following are goals associated with affirmative action programs?

- ensuring that minorities receive promotions once hired - helping the disadvantaged gain admission to universities - helping minorities secure employment in all occupational fields

The House of Burgesses was which of the following?

- essential to instilling a spirit of self-government - composed of representatives elected from among the settlers

British trade policies were designed to

- force American colonists to pay for expensive finished goods - provide cheap raw materials to British merchants

Which of the following policies were adopted by the United States government as ways of dealing with Native Americans in the early part of the American republic?

- genocide - assimilation - isolation

What types of speech are not granted First Amendment protection?

- hate speech - defamatory speech - obscene speech

Which of the following are true statements about the first Continental Congress?

- it approved a declaration of grievances against the British Crown - it urged a boycott of British goods

Which of the following are acceptable justifications for placing "time, place, and manner restrictions" on the right of people to assemble?

- keeping the peace - protecting the flow of commerce

The Declaration of Independence asserts that which of the following are inalienable rights?

- life - liberty - the pursuit of happiness

Which of the following rationales was offered by the Supreme Court when eliminating separate but equal segregation from education?

- modern public education is essential for full political participation - separating children based on race gives African American children a feeling of inferiority

The effects of the British trade policy in America included

- piracy and smuggling - colonial officials who ignored British rules - limited economic progress by the colonies

Historically, the Supreme Court is willing to limit the freedom of speech for which reasons?

- public order - national security

Hate speech involves hostile statements concerning which characteristics?

- race - ethnicity - sex

Which of the following occurred in the months following the first Continental Congress?

- the British and Americans skirmished in Lexington and Concord - the colonists continued to strengthen their local militias

Which of the following were barriers established in southern states to prevent African Americans from voting?

- the grandfather clause - poll taxes - literacy tests

Which of the following reasons were used by the Supreme Court to support the establishment of a guarantee to counsel?

- the growing complexity of the legal system - the increased complexity of criminal laws

Miranda rights are based on which of the following protections?

- the right to an attorney - the right not to self-incriminate

Which of the following are not considered protected by the right to die?

- the right to assist in another person's suicide - the right to commit suicide

According to Justice Powell's decision in the Bakke case,

- the university's use of racial quotas was impermissible. - affirmative action programs in admissions are permissible so long as they use race as just one of many factors.

What are the two ways in which an amendment can be proposed to the United States Constitution?

- with approval by a two thirds vote of each house of congress - through a national convention requested by the states

The 1974 Federal Election Campaign Act did which of the following?

-limited the amount of individual expenditures candidates could spend on their own campaigns - limited the amount that groups could contribute in a calendar year - limited the amount of money that individuals could contribute in a calendar year

List the following groups in the order in which they were guaranteed the right to vote, with the first group at the top.

1. men without property 2. African American men 3. women 4. 18 year olds

In which two decades did the first wave of selective incorporation occur?

1920s and 1930s

Which of the following is a negative consequence of devolution?

All of these are consequences of devolution.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Antifederalists did not want amendments to the Constitution.

What would be the result of total incorporation?

Applying the totality of the Constitution to the actions of state governments

Of all minority groups, ______ are projected to have the greatest population increases by the year 2050.

Asians

Which of these pairings is NOT correct?

Authoritarian → United States

Which was the first "test case" filed by the NAACP as a challenge to the legality of segregation in the South?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which of the following was a result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Chávez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which influential figure began his civil rights work organizing strikes to help attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

César Chávez

According to CNN, why were the articles of impeachment against President Trump not delivered to the Senate?

Democratic disagreement with the Republican proposed parameters of a trial and the absence of an intention to call forth certain witnesses

What standard does the Supreme Court use to evaluate whether symbolic speech can be constitutionally suppressed by the government?

Does doing so serve an important purpose other than the suppression of unpopular speech?

What was the goal of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Ensuring equal treatment under the law

The ________ _________ Amendment was the proposed constitutional amendment that would have prohibited national and state governments from denying equal rights on the basis of sex.

Equal Rights

James Madison articulates his views on factions in

Federalist #10

Those who were in favor of the ratification of the Constitution were called

Federalists

Gratz v. Bollinger challenged the University of Michigan's affirmative action program in undergraduate admissions, while ______ challenged the university's law school admissions policies.

Grutter v. Bollinger

The Jamestown colony created the nation's first legislative assembly, which was called the

House of Burgesses

What happened to the Equal Rights Amendment?

It fell three states short of the required three-quarter majority for ratification.

Which of the following is true about the establishment clause of the First Amendment?

It prohibits the government from establishing a national religion.

Which of the following is true of the decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?

It recognized same-sex marriage as a fundamental liberty under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Made up of mostly disaffected southerners, the ______ ensured the strict application of Jim Crow laws and would use violence and intimidation to respond to any violations.

Ku Klux Klan

Match the branch with its function.

Legislative = making law executive = implementing law judicial = settling disputes between the other two

Which event prompted the early women's movement?

Male participants at the World Anti-Slavery Society meeting denied the women the right to participate at the meeting.

In which case did the Supreme Court strike down the limits on the amount of money that an individual could contribute to a candidate or political party in a two-year cycle?

McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission

Which Supreme Court case is an example of recent incorporation?

McDonald v. Chicago

Which Enlightenment thinker did the Antifederalists use to defend their position for small republics?

Montesquieu

Which of the following organizations played a pivotal role in attempting to secure the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment?

NOW

Which of the following statements about Native Americans' citizenship rights is accurate?

Native Americans were not granted citizenship and the right to vote until 1924.

What case legalized same-sex marriage in the United States?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Why does de facto segregation typically occur?

People choose to live with others who share their racial and ethnic characteristics.

The "separate but equal" doctrine was established by which Supreme Court decision?

Plessy v. Ferguson

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

The Supreme Court ruled in the ______ case that the right to privacy extends to a woman's right to have an abortion.

Roe v. Wade

According to Reuter's, the program referred to as "food stamps" is formally titled

SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program).

What is the current status of de jure segregation in the United States?

Segregation is not permitted anywhere.

In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first women's rights conference in ______, New York, which helped to lay the foundation for the women's rights movement.

Seneca Falls

Which of the following women was instrumental in helping women gain the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?

Susan B. Anthony

What was a main cause of the deterioration between the Crown and colonists in America, eventually leading to the fight for independence?

The Crown began to look to the colonies for financial support

Which party originally trumpeted devolution?

The Republican Party

According to the Supreme Court, do religious groups have the same right to use public school buildings as other groups?

Yes; both public universities and secondary schools should provide access to religious groups.

The Declaration of Independence consists mainly of

a list of grievances against King George III

Which of the following represents a case involving the free exercise of religion?

a man practicing polygamy because his religion sanctions it

An analysis of the survey by Gallup finds that _____ of Americans oppose a hand gun ban.

a minority, under one-third

In a monarchy or dictatorship,

a single person exercises absolute power

Who was Dred Scott?

a slave who sued for his freedom by arguing that he was emancipated as soon as his owner took him into free territory

Which of the following best describes the Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade?

abortion is legal within the first two trimesters of a woman's pregnancy

The Americans with Disabilities Act guarantees that all disabled Americans have

access to public facilities, workplaces, and communication services.

In determining whether the government may provide financial aid to religious schools, the Supreme Court has adopted a(n) ______ approach.

accommodationist

Which of the following refers to programs that attempt to provide members of disadvantaged groups enhanced opportunities to secure jobs, promotions, and admissions to educational institutions?

affirmative action

The Eighth Amendment protects

against cruel and unusual punishment

The difference between direct initiatives and indirect initiatives is that indirect initiatives

are submitted to lawmakers before being submitted to voters

The right to associate by joining with like-minded individuals in the pursuit of common goals is primarily protected by constitutional protection of freedom of

assembly

In the 1880s, the federal government adopted a program of ______ that banned native languages and rituals and required Native American children to attend boarding schools off of the reservation.

assimilation

According to current Supreme Court jurisprudence, in which of the following locations would a peaceful political assembly be the most likely to be considered constitutionally protected?

at the state capitol building

Reuters reports that, under the Trump administration, the number of refugees allowed to resettle in the U.S. has

been slashed every year

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Engel v. Vitale, all of the following have been declared a violation of the establishment clause EXCEPT

beginning legislative sessions with a prayer

Which of the following is a way in which Congress has expanded its constitutional authority?

by regulating interstate commerce to achieve goals unrelated to trade or business

Reuter's reporting suggests that the administration's new rule is an effort to

bypass Congressional approval of changes to the food stamp program.

To make sure no one branch of the federal government dominated the others, the Constitution contained ______ for each branch.

checks and balances

_________ life is the participation in the collective life of the community.

civic

The guarantees that every person will be treated equally regardless of his or her group identity are referred to as

civil rights

In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court established the ________ and _________ _________ test to determine when restrictions on speech are permissible.

clear and present danger test

According to the strict scrutiny test, government must prove a(n) ____________ government interest in order for a law to be deemed constitutional.

compelling

NPR reports that the "power grab" of the President described by the federal judge issuing the ruling was against

congress

Laws that affect religious practices are

constitutional if they safeguard the peace, order, and comfort of the community and are not directed at any particular religion

Which of these classifies governments to the extent to which power is or is not limited?

constitutional, authoritarian, and totalitarian

Proponents of gun control measures believe that the language of the Second Amendment

conveys the right to possess a gun only to members of a military unit

Selective incorporation cases in the 1960s focused on which area?

criminal due process

Which of the following is the Supreme Court most concerned with when it comes to commercial speech?

deceptive advertising

The Supreme Court has ruled that an individual's right to die is

derived from their constitutional right to privacy.

The spread of policy innovation across jurisdictions is known as policy

diffusion

The ______ procedure enables citizens to place proposals for laws and amendments directly on the ballot.

direct initiative

According to the study reported by Reuters, three out of four children die in mass shootings associated with

domestic violence

What is characteristic of a federal system?

each of the two governing layers holds ultimate authority over different matters

According to NPR, the President used a(n) _____ in order to divert the funds for a military construction project to building his proposed border wall.

emergency proclamation upon a declaration of emergency

The Supreme Court ruled that a nativity scene that displayed the words "Glory to God in the hIghest" was a violation of the establishment clause because its effect was to ______ religion.

endorse

The constitutional source of equality comes from the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of

equal protection

The ______ clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from establishing a national religion, whereas the ______ clause bans the government from restricting the practice of one's religion.

establishment; free exercise

Which of the following is a fact reported in the USA Today article?

every single Republican in the House voted against both articles of impeachment

Opponents of the teaching of ______ argue that government is attempting to force the public school curriculum of secular subjects to reflect particular religious beliefs.

evolution

According to Reuters, the new requirement for states to "opt in" to the refugee resettlement program was created through a(n)

executive order from the president

True or false: Although both freedom of speech and freedom of the press deal with expression, very different principles underlie them.

false

True or false: As the nature of warfare has changed, the Constitution has been interpreted to give the president less power in his role as commander in chief.

false

True or false: Due to the efforts of women's rights groups, workplace discrimination is no longer an issue.

false

True or false: The Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Washington v. Glucksberg that the Constitution protects the right to assisted suicide.

false

The Framers established a ______________ form of government in which power would be shared between the national and state levels of government.

federalism

Which governing system shares power with two or more levels of government?

federalism

The purpose of the Miranda rights statement is to remind suspects of their

fifth amendment right against self-incrimination

In the case of Engel v. Vitale, the Court declared that compelling students to recite a twenty-two-word prayer violated which amendment?

first amendment

Which amendment grants citizens the rights to gather and engage in politics?

first amendment

Everytown, the group that commission the study cited in the Reuter's article, defines a "mass shooting" as a shooting in which _____ or more people die, ______ the shooter.

four; excluding

Which of the following amendments was specifically designed to be binding on the states?

fourteenth

From which amendment does the Supreme Court interpret the concept of equality?

fourteenth amendment

The Obergefell v. Hodges ruling on same-sex marriages was based on

fourteenth amendment

Which of the following amendments contribute to ensuring criminal due process?

fourth amendment

The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1862

freed slaves in the South

In order to make sure that the states would recognize the legal rulings of other states, the ______ clause was included in the U.S. Constitution.

full faith and credit

James Madison said in The Federalist No. 51 that the government needs to be enabled to control the ______ and then obliged to control ______.

governed; itself

________ is a person or an organization that makes authoritative decisions over a particular territory or society.

government

The Supreme Court has afforded commercial speech less protection than other forms of speech for what reason?

government has a legitimate interest in protecting consumers from deception

Block grants are

grants the federal government gives to state and local governments for a general area.

As compared to the Supreme Court, the United States Congress in recent years has tended to show ______ support for the freedom of religious expression.

greater

With what aspects of its decisions on obscene speech does the Supreme Court have the most difficulty?

how to define the meaning of obscene

The key distinction between different forms of government is

how widely power is shared among the citizenry

Ideas, values, and beliefs about how governments should operate are known as

ideologies

A basic principle in our liberal democracy is the belief in a more limited role for government. This is best describes as a(n)

ideology

When can an employer lawfully replace a worker due to his or her age?

if the employer can prove that age is a bona fide occupational qualification

A governmental action that is based neither on an explicit contract between the governors and the governed nor on shared values and standards is most likely to be considered

illegitimate

The freedom of association is considered a(n) ______ right, meaning it is not specifically outlined in the Constitution but is inferred from the language of the document.

implied

In the case of Powell v. Alabama the Court found that

in certain unusual circumstances the accused were entitled to counsel at the government's expense

According to Gallup, since 2011, the percentage of Americans believing laws covering the sale of firearms should be made "more strict" has overall

increased

Which of the following describes the theory proposed by opponents of evolution that posits that some biological structures such as DNA codes are so complex that they must be the work of a higher power?

intelligent design

Which test does the Court apply in cases involving gender?

intermediate scrutiny test

In Roberts v. United States Jaycees, the Supreme Court ruled that the freedom of association

is not an absolute right

Which of the following describes the standard that the Supreme Court uses with regard to religious displays on government property?

it is unconstitutional if its effect is to endorse religion

An informal method of amending the Constitution is by

judicial interpretation

Which of the following is mentioned in the NPR article as both a benefit and a motivation for the state in legalizing adult use of marijuana in Illinois?

legalization means more tax revenue for the state

The Constitution gives the power to declare war to the ______ branch of government.

legislative

False written statements about others that harm their reputation are known as ____________, whereas false verbal statements about others are known as __________

libel; slander

The U.S. Constitution aimed to create a form of ______ democracy.

liberal

The U.S. Constitution enshrines the principles of

liberal democracy

Civil _______ constitute personal freedoms such as the freedom of speech, whereas civil _______ ensure that everyone is treated as an equal member of society.

liberties; rights

According to the Antifederalists, the states were best able to protect

liberty

Which of the following were declared illegal by the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

literacy requirements

Those who oppose affirmative action believe that _________ is the only fair way to distribute the benefits of society

merit

The three main types of government regarding distribution of power or who holds power include

monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy

Despite an increase in the numbers of African Americans who vote and win elected office in the South, at the ______ level they still remain largely underrepresented.

national

In Griswold v. Connecticut the Supreme Court ruled that the right to privacy is implied through the ______ Amendment.

ninth

Libel and slander receive ______ protection under the First Amendment.

no

Which of the following charge(s) was / were brought by the impeachment articles, as reported by USA Today?

obstruction of justice and abuse of power

The study cited by Reuters finds that out of all of the victims in the mass shootings analyzed over a decade, ________ were children and teenagers.

one-third

The Supreme Court has ruled that a jury _______ may not exclude individuals based solely on their race or gender.

pool

The institution by southern states of poll taxes, literacy tests, and property qualifications had the effect of

preventing most African Americans from voting

he Supreme Court struck down a Florida law that required newspapers in the state to

print articles written by candidates for elective office

The government's attempt to block the publication of material before anyone can see it is called ______ restraint.

prior

In Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn the Supreme Court ruled that tax credits could be used for religious school tuition because tax credits are donations of

private money

The first barrier to voting that fell was ______ requirements.

property

The drive for civil rights includes eliminating discrimination toward certain groups as well as which of the following?

providing remedies to promote equality

Which of the following proved pivotal in Chief Justice Earl Warren's decision in Brown?

psychological and sociological studies showing the negative impact of segregation on black children

According to NPR, Trump is the only president in recent history to

refuse to release his tax returns as a candidate.

The federal system remains the optimal structure for balancing broader national goals with ______ interests.

regional

The United States Constitution is only 4,608 words long, encompassing four pages, with _____________ articles that are each divided into sections.

seven

When modern amendments are proposed, they have a time limit of _______ years to achieve ratification.

seven

The women's civil rights movement has focused its efforts on three current issues: workplace and educational fairness, women's role in the military, and

sexual harassment

Which of the following describes Rosa Parks's best known act of resistance?

she refused to leave her seat in the front of the bus to make room for a white passenger.

The Supreme Court justices who dissented in the Obergefell decision believed the issue of same-sex marriage

should be left to the states.

Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election and actions by the Trump campaign and administration has resulted in convictions of _____ Trump aides or advisers.

six

The right to legal counsel is a ______ Amendment protection.

sixth

Citizens gain ______ through their membership in voluntary associations such as the Key Club or the Sierra Club.

social capital

What was the result of the Supreme Court's 2013 decision in United States v. Windsor, which invalidated the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act?

some states adopted laws permitting same-sex marriages

The Constitution reserved the power to create towns and cities to the ___________

state

Federal mandates require legislative compliance from which entity or entities?

state and local governments

For the first 150 years of English settlement in America, the prime goal of most colonists was

survival

Nonverbal speech that is expressed through actions such as picketing or wearing an armband to signify a protest is known as ______ speech.

symbolic

What strategy did the NAACP pursue in the 1930s to challenge segregation?

test the constitutionality of Plessy v. Ferguson in the federal courts

What happens if one state sues another?

that case goes directly to the Supreme Court

Those who argue that affirmative action promotes reverse discrimination claim that any use of racial discrimination violates the Fourteenth Amendment and

the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Pursuant to the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act,

the Congressional Budget Office flags legislation that would cost states more than $50 million to comply

Despite southern opposition, which of the following was passed by Congress in 1820 to deal with slavery in the newly acquired western territories?

the Missouri Compromise

Which of the following is true about Supreme Court jurisprudence on the issue of hate speech?

the Supreme Court has been reluctant to ban hate speech

Which of the following is NOT an assertion made in the NPR article?

the Supreme Court has rejected hearing the case, thus affirming the lower court rulings

The authority of the U.S. Constitution derives from

the consent of the governed

Which of the Fourteenth Amendment's protections was at the center of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case?

the equal protection clause

Devolution occurs when

the federal government bequeaths more authority to state and local governments.

The first of the NAACP test cases focused on

the field of education

Establishment clause cases deal with

the formal relationship between religion and government

Which part of the First Amendment protects the rights of citizens to practice their religion?

the free exercise clause

What was the Supreme Court's position with regard to the Nixon administration's attempt to restrain the publication of the "Pentagon Papers"?

the government may not prevent the press from exercising its right to criticize public officials

According to AP News, Roger Stone's crimes stem from

the investigation into whether the Trump campaign coordinated with Russia to tip the 2016 election.

What argument can be made that a poll tax instituted in the South after Reconstruction violated the Fifteenth Amendment?

the majority of African Americans were too poor to pay a poll tax

Which of the following is NOT an example of devolution?

the programs of The New Deal

In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the internment of Japanese Americans was constitutional, citing

the security of the United States

In the 1976 case of Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme Court upheld Georgia's death penalty statute based upon what grounds?

the state had implemented adequate safeguards for the defendant

Which of the following conditions is typically attached to a categorical formula grant?

the state or local government must provide matching funds

Which of the following regarding western migration and the institution of slavery was made most apparent by the Missouri Compromise?

the status of slavery in new states, and how that might upset the balance of slave and free states in the Union

Broadly speaking, according to CNN, Democrats are concerned that

the trial will not be "fair and impartial" under the leadership of Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.

Which amendment within the Bill of Rights specifically mentions the right to privacy?

there is no direct mention of privacy in the Bill of Rights

Which of the following is true about 95 percent of all criminal cases?

they are settled out of court in a plea bargain

Which of the following statements about categorical grants is accurate?

they provide funds for a specific program

Which of the following established the complete abolition of slavery in the United States?

thirteenth amendement

Like the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press is essential to democracy because of its role in ______ information.

transmitting

True or false: According to Supreme Court jurisprudence, the establishment clause does not require schools to refuse religious groups the same right to free expression as secular groups.

true

True or false: Because the Framers made provisions for change, the U.S. Constitution remains a flexible, living instrument.

true

True or false: Disagreement over the actual language of the Second Amendment is centered around whether it grants all citizens the right to bear arms or just people who are members of a government militia.

true

True or false: Following the passage and enforcement of voting laws in the South, record numbers of African Americans have won election to office.

true

True or false: Lacking the political clout to make legislative change, the NAACP used the federal courts as a venue to fight for civil rights.

true

True or false: Most state constitutions are considerably longer than the national Constitution.

true

True or false: Only when the British government looked to the American colonies for increased tax revenue did the relationship between the colonists and England begin to deteriorate.

true

True or false: Rosa Parks's act of civil disobedience resulted in the first large-scale use of nonviolent protest against segregation.

true

True or false: The fact that we have allowed the Constitution to be amended and its interpretation to be altered as a result of social and political change has helped it survive.

true

True or false: The intellectual health of a society is dependent upon its citizens' freedom of expression.

true

True or false: The unhappiness of early Americans with the British criminal justice system is demonstrated by the fact that four of the first eight amendments in the Bill of Rights deal almost exclusively with rights of the accused.

true

True or false: To varying degrees, African Americans' struggle to secure equal rights has benefited other minority groups in the United States.

true

According to USA Today, how many articles of impeachment against President Trump were approved by the House in the historic vote in December of 2019?

two

In which system does all power reside in the central government?

unitary

Most countries utilized a ______ governing structure at the time of the drafting of the Constitution.

unitary

The Supreme Court has ruled that some categories of speech fall outside free speech considerations and are therefore constitutionally ______ speech.

unprotected

The lower court rulings mentioned in the NPR article did which of the following?

upheld Congressional and grand jury subpoenas for Trump's financial records

In the cases Holt v. Hobbs and Equal Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch, the Supreme Court

upheld claims of religious freedom

The University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions policies were overturned by the Supreme Court in Gratz v. Bollinger because they

utilized quotas

In Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia, the Supreme Court found a judge's attempt to close a trial to the media

violated the media's right to attend trials implicit in the freedom of the press guarantee